SFI 2
問題一覧
1
: A treatment designed to free young trees from undesirable, usually
overtopping, competing vegetation. Treatments include cleaning, liberation, and weeding (see
Stand Improvement).
Release (Release Operation
2
Trees, pole-sized or larger, retained after the regeneration period under the
Clearcutting, Seed Tree, Shelterwood, or Coppice Methods. Synonym: Standards.
reserve trees
3
The removal of dead trees or trees being damaged or killed by injurious agents
other than competition, to recover value that would otherwise be lost.
salvage cutting
4
The removal of trees to improve stand health and to reduce actual or
anticipated spread of insects and disease (see Stand Improvement).
sanitation cutting
5
A tree, usually young, that is larger than a seedling but smaller than a pole. Size varies by
region.
sapling
6
The art and science of controlling the establishment, growth, composition, health, and
quality of forests and woodlands. Silviculture entails the manipulation of forest and woodland
vegetation in stands and on landscapes to meet the diverse needs and values of landowners and
society on a sustainable basis.
silviculture
7
A planned process whereby a stand is tended, harvested, and re-established.
The system name is based on the number of age classes (see Even-Aged, Two-Aged, Uneven-
Aged), and/or the regeneration method used (see Clearcutting, Seed Tree, Shelterwood,
Selection, Coppice, Coppice with Reserves).
silvicultural system
8
A classification of site quality, usually expressed in terms of ranges of dominant tree
height at a given age or potential mean annual increment at culmination.
site class
9
A hand or mechanized manipulation of a site designed to enhance the success of
regeneration. Treatments may include chopping, discing, bedding, raking, burning, and
scarifying. All treatments are designed to modify the soil, litter, vegetation, and to create
microclimate conditions conducive to the establishment and growth of desired species.
site preparation
10
The productive capacity of a site, usually expressed as volume
production of a given species.
site quality
11
Tree sizes recognized by distinct ranges, usually of diameter or height
size classes
12
A contiguous group of trees sufficiently uniform in age class distribution, composition, and
structure, and growing on a site of sufficiently uniform quality, to be a distinguishable unit (see
Mixed, Pure, Even-Aged, and Uneven-Aged Stands).
stand
13
A stand in which there is a mixture of species.
mixed stand
14
A stand composed of essentially a single species.
pure stand
15
A stand in which different species occupy different strata of the total crown
canopy.
stratified mixture
16
A quantitative, absolute measure of tree occupancy per unit of land area in such
terms as numbers of trees, basal area, or volume.
stand density
17
A term comprising all intermediate cuttings made to improve the
composition, structure, condition, health, and growth of even- or uneven-aged stands.
stand improvement
18
An indication of growing-space occupancy relative to a pre-established standard.
Common indices of stocking are based on percent occupancy, basal area, relative density, and
crown competition factor.
stocking
19
A distinct layer of vegetation within a forest community.
stratum
20
see Intermediate Treatments.
tending
21
A cutting made to reduce stand density of trees primarily to improve growth, enhance
forest health, or to recover potential mortality.
thinning
22
The removal of trees from the
dominant and codominant crown classes in even-aged stands, or in even-aged groups within
uneven-aged stands, in order to favor the best trees of those same crown classes.
crown thinning
23
The removal of trees in even-aged or uneven-aged stands to control stand
spacing and favor desired trees using a combination of thinning criteria without regard to
crown position.
free thinning
24
The removal of trees from the lower crown classes to
favor those in the upper crown classes.
low thinning
25
The thinning of trees in either even- or uneven-
aged stands involving removal of trees in rows, strips, or by using fixed spacing intervals.
mechanical thinning
26
The removal of trees in even-aged stands, or in
even-aged groups within uneven-aged stands, in the dominant crown class in order to favor
the lower crown classes.
selection thinning
27
The period of time between successive thinning entries, usually used in
connection with even-aged stands (see Cutting Cycle).
thinning interval
28
The relative capacity of a plant to become established and grow in the shade.
tolerance shade
29
A stand composed of two distinct age classes that are separated in age by more
than 20 percent of rotation.
two-aged stand
30
The root pruning of seedlings in a nursery bed.
undercutting
31
A stand of trees of three or more distinct age classes, either intimately mixed
or in small groups.
uneven-aged stand
32
: A planned sequence of treatments designed to maintain and regenerate a
stand with three or more age classes (see Single Tree Selection, Group Selection).
uneven-aged system
33
A release treatment in stands not past the sapling stage that eliminates or suppresses
undesirable vegetation regardless of crown position.
weeding
34
The disturbance of seedling roots in a nursery bed (e.g., with a tractor-drawn blade)
with the objective of stimulating the development of a fibrous root system
wrenching
35
A seed tree method in which some or all of the seed trees are
retained after regeneration has become established to attain goals other than regeneration.
seed tree with reserves
36
A method of regenerating an even-aged stand in which a new age class
develops beneath the partially shaded micro-environment provided by the residual trees.
The sequence of treatments can include three distinct types of cuttings: (1) an optional
preparatory harvest to enhance conditions for seed production; (2) an establishment
harvest to prepare the seed bed and to create a new age class; and (3) a removal harvest to
release established regeneration from competition with the overwood. Harvesting may
be done uniformly throughout the stand (Uniform Shelterwood), in groups or patches
(Group Shelterwood), or in strips (Strip Shelterwood).
shelterwood
37
A variant of the Shelterwood method in which some or all of
the shelter trees are retained well beyond the normal period of retention to attain goals
other than regeneration. The resulting stand may be two-aged or tend towards an
uneven-aged condition as a consequence of both an extended period of regeneration
establishment and the retention of reserve trees that may represent one or more age
classes.
shelterwood with reserves
38
Methods designed to maintain and regenerate a stand with two age classes
(see Shelterwood with Reserves and Coppice with Reserves).
two-aged methods
39
Methods of regenerating a forest stand, and maintaining an
uneven-aged structure, by removing some trees in all size classes, either singly, in small
groups, or in strips.
uneven-aged methods
40
A method of regenerating uneven-aged stands in which trees are
removed, and new age classes are established, in small groups. The maximum width of
groups is approximately twice the height of mature trees, with small openings providing
micro-environments suitable for tolerant regeneration and the larger openings providing
conditions suitable for more intolerant regeneration. In the Group Selection system, the
management unit or stand in which regeneration, growth, and yield are regulated consists
of a landscape containing an aggregation of groups (see Clearcutting).
group selection
41
A method of creating new age classes in uneven-aged stands in
which individual trees of all size classes are removed more or less uniformly throughout
the stand to achieve desired stand structural characteristics.
single tree selection
42
Methods of regenerating a stand in which the majority of regeneration is
from stump sprouts or root suckers.
coppice methods
43
A method of regenerating a stand in which all trees in the previous stand are
harvested and the majority of regeneration is from sprouts or root suckers.
coppice
44
A coppice method in which reserve trees are retained to attain
goals other than regeneration. The method normally creates a two-aged stand.
coppice with reserves
45
The time between the initial regeneration cutting and the
successful re-establishment of a new age class by natural means, planting, or direct seeding.
regeneration period
46
A stand in which three or more distinct age classes
occupy approximately equal areas and provide a balanced distribution of diameter classes.
regular uneven-aged stand
問題一覧
1
: A treatment designed to free young trees from undesirable, usually
overtopping, competing vegetation. Treatments include cleaning, liberation, and weeding (see
Stand Improvement).
Release (Release Operation
2
Trees, pole-sized or larger, retained after the regeneration period under the
Clearcutting, Seed Tree, Shelterwood, or Coppice Methods. Synonym: Standards.
reserve trees
3
The removal of dead trees or trees being damaged or killed by injurious agents
other than competition, to recover value that would otherwise be lost.
salvage cutting
4
The removal of trees to improve stand health and to reduce actual or
anticipated spread of insects and disease (see Stand Improvement).
sanitation cutting
5
A tree, usually young, that is larger than a seedling but smaller than a pole. Size varies by
region.
sapling
6
The art and science of controlling the establishment, growth, composition, health, and
quality of forests and woodlands. Silviculture entails the manipulation of forest and woodland
vegetation in stands and on landscapes to meet the diverse needs and values of landowners and
society on a sustainable basis.
silviculture
7
A planned process whereby a stand is tended, harvested, and re-established.
The system name is based on the number of age classes (see Even-Aged, Two-Aged, Uneven-
Aged), and/or the regeneration method used (see Clearcutting, Seed Tree, Shelterwood,
Selection, Coppice, Coppice with Reserves).
silvicultural system
8
A classification of site quality, usually expressed in terms of ranges of dominant tree
height at a given age or potential mean annual increment at culmination.
site class
9
A hand or mechanized manipulation of a site designed to enhance the success of
regeneration. Treatments may include chopping, discing, bedding, raking, burning, and
scarifying. All treatments are designed to modify the soil, litter, vegetation, and to create
microclimate conditions conducive to the establishment and growth of desired species.
site preparation
10
The productive capacity of a site, usually expressed as volume
production of a given species.
site quality
11
Tree sizes recognized by distinct ranges, usually of diameter or height
size classes
12
A contiguous group of trees sufficiently uniform in age class distribution, composition, and
structure, and growing on a site of sufficiently uniform quality, to be a distinguishable unit (see
Mixed, Pure, Even-Aged, and Uneven-Aged Stands).
stand
13
A stand in which there is a mixture of species.
mixed stand
14
A stand composed of essentially a single species.
pure stand
15
A stand in which different species occupy different strata of the total crown
canopy.
stratified mixture
16
A quantitative, absolute measure of tree occupancy per unit of land area in such
terms as numbers of trees, basal area, or volume.
stand density
17
A term comprising all intermediate cuttings made to improve the
composition, structure, condition, health, and growth of even- or uneven-aged stands.
stand improvement
18
An indication of growing-space occupancy relative to a pre-established standard.
Common indices of stocking are based on percent occupancy, basal area, relative density, and
crown competition factor.
stocking
19
A distinct layer of vegetation within a forest community.
stratum
20
see Intermediate Treatments.
tending
21
A cutting made to reduce stand density of trees primarily to improve growth, enhance
forest health, or to recover potential mortality.
thinning
22
The removal of trees from the
dominant and codominant crown classes in even-aged stands, or in even-aged groups within
uneven-aged stands, in order to favor the best trees of those same crown classes.
crown thinning
23
The removal of trees in even-aged or uneven-aged stands to control stand
spacing and favor desired trees using a combination of thinning criteria without regard to
crown position.
free thinning
24
The removal of trees from the lower crown classes to
favor those in the upper crown classes.
low thinning
25
The thinning of trees in either even- or uneven-
aged stands involving removal of trees in rows, strips, or by using fixed spacing intervals.
mechanical thinning
26
The removal of trees in even-aged stands, or in
even-aged groups within uneven-aged stands, in the dominant crown class in order to favor
the lower crown classes.
selection thinning
27
The period of time between successive thinning entries, usually used in
connection with even-aged stands (see Cutting Cycle).
thinning interval
28
The relative capacity of a plant to become established and grow in the shade.
tolerance shade
29
A stand composed of two distinct age classes that are separated in age by more
than 20 percent of rotation.
two-aged stand
30
The root pruning of seedlings in a nursery bed.
undercutting
31
A stand of trees of three or more distinct age classes, either intimately mixed
or in small groups.
uneven-aged stand
32
: A planned sequence of treatments designed to maintain and regenerate a
stand with three or more age classes (see Single Tree Selection, Group Selection).
uneven-aged system
33
A release treatment in stands not past the sapling stage that eliminates or suppresses
undesirable vegetation regardless of crown position.
weeding
34
The disturbance of seedling roots in a nursery bed (e.g., with a tractor-drawn blade)
with the objective of stimulating the development of a fibrous root system
wrenching
35
A seed tree method in which some or all of the seed trees are
retained after regeneration has become established to attain goals other than regeneration.
seed tree with reserves
36
A method of regenerating an even-aged stand in which a new age class
develops beneath the partially shaded micro-environment provided by the residual trees.
The sequence of treatments can include three distinct types of cuttings: (1) an optional
preparatory harvest to enhance conditions for seed production; (2) an establishment
harvest to prepare the seed bed and to create a new age class; and (3) a removal harvest to
release established regeneration from competition with the overwood. Harvesting may
be done uniformly throughout the stand (Uniform Shelterwood), in groups or patches
(Group Shelterwood), or in strips (Strip Shelterwood).
shelterwood
37
A variant of the Shelterwood method in which some or all of
the shelter trees are retained well beyond the normal period of retention to attain goals
other than regeneration. The resulting stand may be two-aged or tend towards an
uneven-aged condition as a consequence of both an extended period of regeneration
establishment and the retention of reserve trees that may represent one or more age
classes.
shelterwood with reserves
38
Methods designed to maintain and regenerate a stand with two age classes
(see Shelterwood with Reserves and Coppice with Reserves).
two-aged methods
39
Methods of regenerating a forest stand, and maintaining an
uneven-aged structure, by removing some trees in all size classes, either singly, in small
groups, or in strips.
uneven-aged methods
40
A method of regenerating uneven-aged stands in which trees are
removed, and new age classes are established, in small groups. The maximum width of
groups is approximately twice the height of mature trees, with small openings providing
micro-environments suitable for tolerant regeneration and the larger openings providing
conditions suitable for more intolerant regeneration. In the Group Selection system, the
management unit or stand in which regeneration, growth, and yield are regulated consists
of a landscape containing an aggregation of groups (see Clearcutting).
group selection
41
A method of creating new age classes in uneven-aged stands in
which individual trees of all size classes are removed more or less uniformly throughout
the stand to achieve desired stand structural characteristics.
single tree selection
42
Methods of regenerating a stand in which the majority of regeneration is
from stump sprouts or root suckers.
coppice methods
43
A method of regenerating a stand in which all trees in the previous stand are
harvested and the majority of regeneration is from sprouts or root suckers.
coppice
44
A coppice method in which reserve trees are retained to attain
goals other than regeneration. The method normally creates a two-aged stand.
coppice with reserves
45
The time between the initial regeneration cutting and the
successful re-establishment of a new age class by natural means, planting, or direct seeding.
regeneration period
46
A stand in which three or more distinct age classes
occupy approximately equal areas and provide a balanced distribution of diameter classes.
regular uneven-aged stand