biology last test

85問 • 1年前

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What of the following best describes the adrenal cortex?

1 It surrounds the adrenal medulla and is divided into three zones, each producing specific hormones.

1 What is the primary function of epinephrine during a stress response?

1 Increase glucose availability and enhance oxygen delivery to muscles.

1 Which hormone is incorrectly paired with its function or location of production?

1 Cortisol - regulates short-term stress, produced in the zona fasciculata.

1 A patient with low potassium levels and high blood pressure may be diagnosed with which adrenal disorder?

Hyperaldosteronism

1 Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of Cushing Syndrome compared to Addision’s Disease?

1 Excess cortisol production versus insufficient adrenal hormone production.

1 What is Melatonin made out of?

Pinealocytes from tryptophan

1 What part of the body controls the signals that attribute how much melatonin is produced?

Retinas

1 What is the correct order of the pathway neural signals make to get to the Pineal Gland?

1 Retinas, SCN, PVN, SCG, Pineal Gland

1 What is one way the adrenal hormones and pineal gland are connected?

1 Adrenal hormone norepinephrine triggers pinealocytes to start the production of melatonin

1 How is the pineal gland being used in the treatment of various headaches?

1 Melatonin is added to increase suppressed levels when headache is in an active state

Where are receptor molecules for steroid hormones located in the target tissues?

1 In the cytosol

What is the primary source of steroid hormones in the body?

cholesterol

Which is not a side affect of anabolic steroids in men?

increased reproductive ability

What roles does the endocrine system have in regulating the female reproductive system?

1 Regulates the development of sexual characteristics, menstrual cycle and fertility

What hormone helps regulate ovulation?

1 Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

What is endometriosis?

1 The thickening of the uterine lining and formation of lesions or cysts in the ovaries

What is NOT a symptom of endometriosis?

Fertility

What treatments are available to help endometriosis?

1 All of the above

What happens to the endometrium when it has thickened and is not in use?

1 It dissolves, which then flows out of the vagina

What is the function of ovaries?

1 Produces and releases estrogen and eggs

Which systems are connected to the female reproductive system?

1 All of the above

What is the role of LH (Luteinizing Hormone)?

1 Triggers ovulation and supports early stages of pregnancy

What happens during menopause?

1 A decline in hormones take place and adjustments are made to other systems

1 What hormone(s) are released after GnRH is released?

1 LH and FSH

Where is sperm made?

1 The testes/testicles

What is NOT a symptom of male hypogonadism?

Uncontrollable bladder

What are the functions of the male reproductive system?

1 All of the above.

What is the chemical formula for testosterone?

C19H28O2

What is the function of the Urethra?

1 Carries urine and semen to the outside of the body.

What is the main role of Sertoli cells in the male reproductive system?

Nourish developing sperm cells through its stages in spermatogenesis

What is spermatogenesis?

The production and development of sperm in the testes

What is the cause of Erectile dysfunction?

All of the above

What is the correct sequence of these stages in spermatogenesis?

Spermatogonia -> primary spermatocytes -> secondary spermatocytes -> spermatids -> spermatozoa

What part of the endocrine system are insulin and glucagon produced in?

Pancreas

What are the two specialized cells in Islets of Langerhan?

Alpha and Beta Cells

Who discovered insulin as a treatment for diabetes?

Frederick Banting

Where is excess glucose stored in the body?

Liver

Which of these statements describes hyperglycemia?

Hyperglycemia is when there is a high amount of sugar in the blood.

What is the Hypothalamus and Pituitary gland most important for?

1 Maintaining homeostasis

1 What are the Hypothalamus and Pituitary glands attached by?

1 Stalk of nerves and blood vessels

Which hormone does the Pituitary gland NOT create?

1 Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Which of the following is a symptom for Kallman Syndrome

1 Unable to go through puberty

What is Empty Sella Syndrome (ESS)

1 Shrunken or flat pituitary gland

The Hypothalamus and Pituitary gland are the…

1 Captains of the endocrine system

Infertility and milky discharge from the nipples is a symptom of

Hyperprolactinemia

What will your body do when you have a fever to maintain homeostasis

1 Get very hot to kill off the virus

Where is the hypothalamus located

1 In between the two cerebral hemispheres

What is the primary role of the hypothalamus?

Acting as the connection between the endocrine and nervous systems

What is the primary function of the suprachiasmatic nucleus?

Managing the body’s day and night cycle

Which of the following best describes the chain of command in the endocrine system?

Hypothalamus → Pituitary → Glands → Organs

What is an example of a hormone that the pituitary gland releases to stimulate other glands?

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

1 Which sentence is correct?

1 Thyroid glands are controlled by the hypothalamus pituitary system. Hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary gland, which, in turn, controls other endocrine glands.

1 Thyroxine and triiodothyronine are…

1 Hormones produced by thyroid in most cells and are essential for body growth, increasing the metabolic rate.

1 Calcitonin is a hormone used to regulate the amount of calcium in your blood, in fact:

1 This hormone lowers the level of Ca2+ in the blood when calcium levels in the blood rise above the normal range.

1 The thyroid hormone, thyroxine, is known as T4 because it contains four iodine atoms. What happens in absence of this element?

1 The body is able anyway to produce thyroxine.

1 How are the concentration of thyroid hormones kept at balanced levels in the blood?

1 When levels of T3 and T4 decrease below normal, the hypothalamus releases thyroid regulating hormones, which stimulates the pituitary gland to produce thyroid stimulating hormone that stimulate thyroid to produce more T3 and T4 hormones.

1 Which of the following sentences is false?

1 Parathyroid hormones are responsible for controlling blood calcium levels only in bones.

1 How do parathyroid hormones (PTH) control the Ca2+ level in the blood?

1 PTH are released by parathyroid glands to raise the level of Ca2+ in the blood to set point, stimulating the release of calcium from the bone and increasing Ca2+ uptake in kidneys and intestines.

What is the function of the Adrenocorticotropic hormone?

Stimulates secretion of glucoids

What is the condition called that overproduces growth Hormones?

Acromegaly

1 What doesn’t the thyroid (not including the parathyroid) release?

PTH

1 The thyroid and parathyroid balance the concentration of which element in the blood?

Calcium

1 After the parathyroid releases PTH, which of the following doesn’t act

Hypothalamus

1 Thyroxine is abbreviated to…

1 Thyroxine and triiodothyronine contribute to cellular respiration by making sure they intaking enough _______

Oxygen

1 What doesn’t happen when PTH is underproduced

1 A goiter develops

1 When there is a lack of iodine, what forms as a result

Goiter

1 What is the order of glands used to secrete thyroid hormones

1 Hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid

1 In what order are hormones released to regulate high blood calcium concentration

1 TRH, TSH, Calcitonin

1 Where can you find your thyroid

1 Underneath your adam's apple

1 Thyroxine and triiodothyronine are…

1 Hormones produced by thyroid in most cells and are essential for body growth, increasing the metabolic rate.

1 Calcitonin is a hormone used to regulate the amount of calcium in your blood, in fact:

1 This hormone lowers the level of Ca2+ in the blood when calcium levels in the blood rise above the normal range.

1 The thyroid hormone, thyroxine, is known as T4 because it contains four iodine atoms. What happens in absence of this element?

1 The body is not able to produce thyroxine, and it overstimulates thyroid resulting in goiter condition.

1 How are the concentration of thyroid hormones kept at balanced levels in the blood?

1 How do parathyroid hormones (PTH) control the Ca2+ level in the blood?

1 PTH are released by parathyroid glands to raise the level of Ca2+ in the blood to set point, stimulating the release of calcium from the bone and increasing Ca2+ uptake in kidneys and intestines.

1 What is shed during menstruation?

1 Uterine lining

1 How long does a typical period last?

1 3-7 days

1 What happens during the luteal phase if pregnancy does NOT occur?

1 Progesterone levels drop

What is the main function of progesterone in the menstrual cycle?

1 Prepares uterine lining for pregnancy

1 What is the role of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)?

1 Stimulating the growth of ovarian follicles

1 What can cause irregular periods?

1 All of the above

1 Which phase involves the shedding of the uterine lining?

1 Menstrual phase

1 What is the function of the placenta during pregnancy?

1 All of the above

1 Which hormone is primarily responsible for maintaining pregnancy?

Progesterone

1 What happens during fertilization in the human reproductive process?

1 Sperm penetrates the egg’s follicle layer, and the egg prevents other sperm from entering by releasing calcium

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