問題一覧
1
What gage is green?
18g
2
What gauge is pink?
20
3
What gauge is blue
22
4
What gauge is yellow
24
5
What factors would affect the flow rate of a cannula?
the diameter of a cannula, the nature of the fluid and pressure at which is is administered
6
List the equipment required for cannulation
tourniquet, gloves, 20ml syringe, cannula, dressing, antiseptic solution, sharps container and gauze.
7
What are the contraindications to IV cannulation?
local infection, burns, compromised skin, arteriovenous fistula formation, venous thrombosis in the affected limb
8
What are the difficulties that the anaesthetist could encounter during cannulation?
infection, phlebitis and infiltration
9
What cannulation details need to be documented?
patients details, hospital number, cannula size and site, who performed it
10
What are colloids?
a gelatinous or mucinous substance found in tissues in diseas or normally (as in the thyroid) consisting of particles that are dispersed throughout another substance and are too small for resolution with an ordinary light microscope
11
Define crystalloids
saline and ringers lactate are solutions of salt water minerals, they have small molecules that are effective as volume expanders.
12
Define Cryoprecipitate
transfusions oroduct obtained when plasma is frozen and thawed, enriched with factor 8: VWF multimers and fibrinogen.
13
Define oedema
build up of fluid in the body which causes the affected tissue to become swollen.
14
Define haemolytic
the destruction of red blood cells.
15
Define Haemostasis
the mechanism that leads to cessation of bleeding from blood vessel.
16
Define hypertonic solutions
any external solutions that has a high solute consentration and low water concentration compared to body fluids
17
Define hypotonic solutions
a solution that contains fewer dissolved particles such as salt and other electrolytes than is found in normal cells and blood
18
Define isotonic solutions
any external solution that has the same solute concentration and water concentration compared to body fluids.
19
What factors do we need to take into account choosing the right type and volume of fluid replacement?
underlying conditions, kidney or liver failure, presence of capillary leak, acid-base equilibrium, albumin levels, fluid balance
20
Where is most crystalloid distributed to and why is this?
They are freely permeable to the vascular membrane and are distributed mainly in the interstitial space
21
What % of crystalloid remains intravascular?
25%
22
Pick the colloids
albumin, dextran, hydroxyethyl starch (or hetastarch)
23
what is the ratio of replacement to maintain circulating volume?
1:1
24
How is fluid lost intraoperstively?
fluid loss happens in numerous different ways such as bleeding, drainage of ascites, urination, insensible water loss and “third space losses”
25
What is meant by third space loss?
loss of fluid into interstitial spaces, such as with burns or edema
26
What does the term transfusion mean?
A procedure in which whole blood or parts of blood are put into a patient's bloodstream through a vein
27
How much blood does an adult have on average?
1.2-1.5 gallons (or 10 units)
28
What information would you expect to find on a blood transfusion form?
A unique identifier like date of birth (DOB) or a hospital or health card number. The address. The required blood component/product with appropriate dose/volume. The indication for transfusion.
29
What equipment is required prior to begin a transfusion?
Infusion devices, such as infusion pumps, blood warmers, rapid infusers, and pressure devices
30
What is the only other I.V. solution that can be given through a cannula that is to be used to transfuse blood?
0.9% Sodium Chloride
31
What signs or symptoms would infer that a patient was having a reaction to a transfusion?
fever, chills, urticaria, and itching.
32
What is FFP?
Fresh frozen plasma
33
When will FFP be used?
for patients with a coagulopathy who are bleeding or at risk of bleeding, and where a specific therapy or factor concentrate is not appropriate or unavailable.