old skin (cuticle) left after molting

is the total period between any two molts

the actual insect during a stadium

majority of female insects are oviparous that is, they lay eggs. Embryonic development occurs after oviposition by utilizing the yolk.

Chorion with reticulated markings and ridges

eggs are cigar shaped ex. Sorghum shoot fly

eggs are either spherical or globular ex. Citrus butterfly

There is an egg stigma at the posterior end which assist in attachment. At the anterior end, there is an oval lid which is lifted at time of hatching

egg is boat shape with a conspicuous float on either side

eggs are laid in silken stalks of about 1.25 mm length in on group plants ex. lacewing

eggs are of barrel shape. They are deposited in compactly arranged masses ex. Stink bug

eggs are deposited by cockroach in a brown bean like chitinous capsule.

grasshoppers secrete a frothy material that encases an egg mass which is deposited in the ground. The egg mass lacks a definite covering.

Mantids deposited their eggs on twigs in a foamy secretion called spumaline which eventually hardens to produce an egg case or oothecal.

moths lay eggs in groups in a mass. Anal tuft of hairs found at the end of the abdomen is mainly used for this purpose. Ex. Rice stem borer, corn borer

in culex mosquito, the eggs are laid in a compact mass consisting of 200-300 eggs

viviparous animals develop into a young animal inside the mother. Viviparous animals are born as live young

reproduction without fertilizatio

pushes the food into esophagus

used to pierce host tissues -a channel that delivers saliva to the apical portion of the mouthparts during feeding

connects the pharynx to the crop

Study of the functions and fundamental aactivities of plants and animals

Study of the physical and chemical processes that make it possible for the various insect species to live

Study pf toxic cómpounds

study of the toxicity or effectiveneess of certain group of chemical on insects

collective term to all chemical which kill pest by their chemical action

Any substance or product or mixture thereof including active ingredients adjuvants, and pesticide formulations, intended to contr9l, prevent or repel or mitigate, directly or indirectly insects

Mostly used in the US

Mostly used in western europe

Mostly used in the asian and pacific region

is a noncellular material that is located on top of the epidermal cell layer and constitutes the outermosst part of the integument

the change in form during the development period after the embryonic development

The seperation of old cuticle from underlying epidermis as mediated in part hy ecdysone hormone

process by which an insect shed off old skin to provide enough space to grow mediated by eclosion hormone

No metamorphosis

-incomplete metamorphosis - The immature stage inhabits in water and are called naiad

-Incomplete metamorphosis -The immature stage inhabits in terrestrial and are called nymphs

Complete metamorphosis

can be defined as the number of broods or generations produced in a year in the life cycle of an órganism under natural conditions.

These insect hatch once a year, so have one generation per year.

These insect hatch twice a year, thus having two gennerations per year

These insect can haatch seveeral times in aa year

Food storage organ

Tooth like sstructure

digestive juices are secreted, and whrrre most of the digestion takes place

grind and pulverize food particles

Prevents the backflow of the grinded food from the midgut

Secrete enzymes into the stomach where they assist in the digestive process

Involves the enzymatic degradtion of large nutrient molecules from an organisms reserves or from the environment

is the enzymatic synthesis of larger cell components from smaller precursors

Secrete digestive enzymes in most species

an enzyme that can hydolyze cellulose and free glucose from cellulose

Is the exchange of food between the colony members in social insects

is the main protein wool, hair and feathers

are the primary excretory krgan of insects but operate in a different manner than do kidneys

Waste materials may be retained in the body in a harmless form instead of being excreted as urine

Cells that absorb or engulf foreugn substances from hemolymph

in the absence of malphigian tubules, these tubular glands have enzymes to digest wastes and returned the blood for anabolism

External openings of the tracheae

Tracheal dilations of varying size, number and distribution, found mainly in flying insects

Tubes ranging from m5 um diameter to less than 10 um

.1um diameter to less than .5um; in vlose association eith cells

A series of folds that usually run spirally around the lumen

It is a complex network of tubes that delivers oxygen containing air to every cell of the body

-closed tracheal system - rely on oxygen díffusing in over the general body surface and have a well developed tracheal plexus lying beneath a rather thin cuticle

these are very thin cuticular extensions of the body wall or of the intestinal wall with a network of tracheoles beneath

The gills are borne on the abdomen and theur surface area is inversely proportional to the environmental O2

Have gills in the anterior pwrt of the rectum, brachial chamber

Blood cells

the body cavity where the blood flows

Insect blood

the only conducting vessel; a vessel situated along the median dorsal line just beneath the integument

Region with valves or ostia

Basically a tube

A valvular opening which allow the hemolymph to enter or exit from the heart

aid the movement of hemolymph in addition to the pumping activities of the heart

primary precursor for quininés required for tanning new cuticle

Source of energy for flight muscles

Used for transporting nitrogenous degradation product via transamiantion

Among the most complex of all known chemical compounds and also the most chracteristic of living organisms

lypoglycoproteins taken up from plasma by ovaries for conversion to the yolk protein vitellin.

Protein granules taken up hy the fat body at pupation are used by adults as a source of amino acids and energy for proteun synthesis

Bounded by hemocytes

Plasma of larval chironimidae contain hemoglobin

Longchain polysaccharide

An alcohol containing carbohydrate

An insect blood sugar

Are compounds which are poorly soluble in water

Eggs are produced

Storage for sperms

Channel through which eggs are discharge to unite the sperm

External opening of the reproductive organ

The terminal portion of the female reproductive organ

Colleterial glands that secrete adhesive materials used to cover or glue eggs together

Production of spermatozoa

A seminal duct form the sperm tube to the vas deferens

A seminal duct from the vas efferens to semminal vesicle

Spermatozoa reservoir

Penis of a male insect

This is thought to protect the wax layer from abrasion of foreign subjects