Consist of the brain and spinal cord

Central nervous system consists of the ____ and ______

It is referred to as the "control center" because it intigrates information from the entire body and coordinates activities across the whole organism

The central nervous system is referred to as the ______ because it integrates information from the entire body and coordinates activities across the whole organism

The brain and spinal cord are both housed within a protective triple-layered membrane called the _____

The most complex organ in the body and uses 20% of the total oxygen a person breathes

The brain is divided into three parts;

Performs higher tasks like interpreting, reasoning, hearing, touch, and vision, as well as control of movements

Located in the lower back part of the brain

Its main function is coordination and is responsible for fine movements

It is subdivided into the midbrain, the pons, and medulla

The brainstem is subdivided into the _____, the ____ and _____

It contains nerves that are responsible for transmitting impulses, controlling respiration and swallowing, and regulating wakefulness and other activities

Extends from the foramen magnum, where it is connected to the medulla up to the first and second lumbar vertebrae

The spinal cord is composed of both ____ and ___ matter

It carries information between the brain and body, but also perform other tasks

The spinal cord has _____ and _____ pathways that transmit impulses

Travel from the spinal cord to the brain

Pain, temperature and touch

Movements of the muscles

Travel from the brain to the spinal cord

Membrane that cover the brain and the spinal cord, providing support and protection

The meninges are divided into 3 layers;

Outer layer of meninges

Middle layer of meninges

Inner layer of meninges

An acute inflammatory condition or infection of the brain, usually occuring as a complication or sequel to some viral diseases

Encephalitis also called as

It is characterized by various degrees and manifestations of cerebral dysfunction

Encephalitis may only cause of pathologic agents called virus

Encephalitis may be caused by a variety of pathologic agents such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and rickettsia

Viral encephalitis may develop during infection with any of several viral illnesses including influenza,herpes simplex, measles, mumps, rubella, chickenpox, and arbovirus infection such ss West Nile virus

Viral encephalitis may develop during or after infection with any of several viral illnesses including influenza,herpes simplex, measles, mumps, rubella, chickenpox, and arbovirus infection such ss West Nile virus

Viral encephalitis is categorized into three groups, namely;

The most common virus that causes encephalitis in developed countries is

This virus typically travels through a nerve to the skin, where it causes a cold sore

This form of encephalitis usually affects the temporal lobe, the part of the brain that controls memory and speech. It can also affect the frontal lobe, the area that regulates emotions and behavior

Encephalitis caused by the herpes virus is dangerous and can lead to severe brain damage and death

What are some childhood viruses that cause encephalitis

The natural habitat of these pathogens include several species of wild birds and domestic fowl

It can be caused by a bacterial infection such as bacterial meningitis spreading directly to the brain or may be a complication of a current infectious disease, like syphilis

The incubation period of ENCEPHALITIS is _____ days, with a range from ____ days

Caused by direct invasion of the CNS by arboviruses resulting in inflammation of the brain

Principally affects yound children and people older than 55

More fatal than western type

Both types (Eastern and Western) cause severe symptoms in infants, which may result in permanent nerve and brain damage

It is an acute inflammation of the brain parenchyma and meninges

It is caused by an alphavirus, which is spread primarily by the bite of Culex and Aedes mosquitoes

It affects all age groups, but mainly occurs in children less than one year old

The organism is believed to enter through the olfactory tract

The risk of death is greater in older people

The mosquito breeds in flooded rice paddies and standing water around planter fields. Once the mosquito is infected, it will carry the virus and capable of transmitting the disease for life

Usually affects children younger than 10 years old; it occurs more in males than in females with the ratio of 3:1

Case fatality rate is 30% - 35%

usually a complication or s sequelae to some viral diseases like measles, chickenpox, and mumps

Most commonly associated with the anti-rabies vaccine

What are the 2 SECONDARY ENCEPHALITIS

What are the different types of encephalitis named for the place the virus was discovered or the animal species that csrry the virus

What are the other term for MENINGITIS

The inflammation or infection of the membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord

It can be caused by ingestion of poisons or drugs, as well as injection of certain substances

Viral meningitis referred to as

Tends to be less severe, and most people recover completely without treatment

Can be life-threatening and spreads between people in close contact

primary case of meningitis in children. Incidentally, vaccination of children with this has drastically reduced the incidence of H. Influenza meningitis

Generally affects adolescents, and is also the organism that causes most epidemics of meningitis

It is the primary etiologic agent in elderly populations

Major cause of meningitis in neonates

Rare form of the disease. It is usually occurs in people who have a weakened immune system

Can be caused by an inflammatory reaction to certain medications and procedures, such as in a number of antibiotics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that have been associated with aseptic meningitis

(spread) from anywhere in the body can travel to the meninges

Cancer cells can invade the meninges and may cause an inflammatory reaction

Incubation period of MENINGITIS

affects people who work or play extensively with animals, as well as people who live in areas where animals harboe pathogenic bacteria

Give me at least 1 Hallmark symptoms of meningitis

It is named after Jozef Brudzinski, an english neurologist

The test is done by putting the patient flat on bed, and the clinician then attempts to flex the head over the chest. The knees are flexedly drawn upward up

It is named after the Russian neurologist Waldemar Kernig

The test is positive when the thigh is flexed at the hip and knee at 90⁰ angle, and subsequent extension in the knee is painful (leading to resistance). This may indicate subarachnoid hemorrhage or meningitis

A spasm of the muscles of the back, causing the head and lower limbs to bend backward and the trunk to arch forward

Meningococcemia is an infection caused by _______

This is the same causative agent of meningitis, also known as meningococcus

What is the etiologic agent of Acute Meningococcemia

The combination of dermal manifestation and adrenal medullary hemorrhage is known as _____

This is the rapid development of petechiae to purpuric, and ecchymotic spots associated with shock. The condition runs a short course and is usually fatal

What are the other term for ACUTE MENINGOCOCCEMIA

When the bacteria invade the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord, it is called ____

When the infection remains in the blood but does not infect the brain and spinal cord, it is called _____

What are the other term for POLIOMYELITIS

Acute viral disease that usually affects children and young adults

It is caused by poliovirus and is characterized by inflammation of the motor neurons of the brainstem and spinal cord, resulting in motor paralysis followed by muscular atrophy and sometimes, permanent disability

Poliomyelitis is caused by the _____

What are the three identified immunological types of the virus that affects people

It is named after the rhesus monkey where the virus was first identified

Refers to the virus was isolated from a bulbar polio in Lansing, Michigan, USA

It was identified in a child named Leon during the Los Angeles epidemic

What are the types of Poliomyelitis according to its severity

This type is quite difficult to diagnose because the symptoms are nonspecific

When the virus reaches the central nervous system and is still active, this will show some identifying symptoms of poliomyelitis like: • Types and spasm of the muscles of the hamstring • Changed in deep and superficial reflexes, pain in the neck, back,arms, legs and abdomen • Inability to place the head in between the knees • Positive Pandy's test • Transient paresis may occur • Still no evidence of paralysis

This type affects a large number of nerve cells; thus, muscles they innervate are unable to move