to maintain physiological function the cells of the body require a constant supply of water (compromising ? if the volume of fluid outside cells)

which one of the following does the extracellular fluid not comprise

the ionic concentrations and ? of body fluids are as important as their absolute quantity

stability of the volumes, solute concentrations and pH of the ECF and ICF involves each of the following inter related processes except

the body is in ? when the amount of water gained each day is equal to the amount lost to the environment, and the digestive system is the primary route for water gains while the urinary system is the primary route for water loss

fluid balance reflects primarily the control of ? inside and outside of the cell and this is known as electrolyte balance

? are ions released through the breakdown of inorganic compounds and are so named because they conduct an electrical current in a solution

each day, body fluids gain electrolytes from ingested food and water, and lose electrolytes in urine, sweat and faeces; and if the gains and losses for each electrolyte are in balance, the body is said to be in

electrolyte balance primarily involves balancing the rates of absorption across the digestive tract with rates of loss at the

the body is in acid base balance when the production of ? in the body is precisely matched by their loss

preventing a reduction of pH is complicated as the body generates a variety of ? during normal metabolism

the extracellular fluid (ECF) and the intracellular fluid (ICF) are called

the principal ions in the extracellular fluid (ECF) are all of the following except

the principal components of intracellular fluid (ICF) include large numbers of ? proteins

cell membranes are ? and ions can only enter or leave by specific channels or carriers

despite the differences in concentration of specific substances, the intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF) ? concentrations in most instances are identical, as water can freely move across cell membranes

minor components of the extracellular fluid (ECF) include each of the following, except

in clinical situations, is it customary to approximate that two thirds of the total body water (TBW) is in the

continuous movement of water through the extracellular fluid (ECF) and intracellular fluid (ICF) functions to perform all of the following except

which of the following is not one of the four key concepts in the regulation of fluids and electrolytes

which of the following hormones is not involved in the major physiological adjustments affecting fluid balance and electrolyte balance

which two major ions contribute to the osmotic concentrations of the extracellular fluid (ECF) and intracellular fluid (ICF), respectively

? are substances that combine with hydrogen ions (pH>7)

slight changes in acid base balance can cause each of the following except

which of the following is not a major mechanism to maintain hydrogen ion homeostasis

buffers are dissolved compounds that can remove

which of the following is not one of the three main acid base buffer systems

the functions of blood include each of the following except

formed elements of blood include each of the following except

red blood cells are formed by differentiation of embryonic stem cells (?) in the red bone marrow

which of the following white blood cell types is responsible for the body’s specific defences

which of the following is not a function of platelets

the cessation of bleeding is also called

the three phases of haemostasis include each of the following except

the ? pathway - which begins when enzymes from either extrinsic or intrinsic pathways activate factor X starting a cascade ending with conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin

which of the following is not an organ of the lymphatic system

lymphatic vessels carry lymph from peripheral tissues through the lymph nodes to the

movement of interstitial fluid into lymphatic vessels depends on the interstitial fluid ? pressure

the blockage of lymphatic vessels can result in a rise in the volume of interstitial fluid, which can result in a massive regional

which of the following is part of the lymphatic systems non specific defences

water accounts for up to 60% of live humans body weight. what is the largest reservoir of body water

why are extracellular and intracellular fluids referred to as fluid compartments

the movement of the fluid in the capillary bed is the result of

which is the best definition of osmotic pressure

water that filters from the capillaries into the interstitial fluid

the extracellular (ECF) and intracellular (ICF) are in osmotic equilibrium. this implies all of the following except

which of the following can be directly measured

what is the role of the hypothalamus in regulating water balance

dehydration and water intoxication have the most direct effect on extracellular fluid concentration of which ion

what constitutes an effective buffer

which ion plays a major part in haemostasis (blood clotting)

which physiological factor initiates haemostasis?

what is the consequence of platelet activation

why does whole blood in the intact circulatory system not clot

clotting disorders cause

which of the following is not part of the non specific immune defence

innate immunity is

immune can be acquired by all of the following ways except

all of the following are part of the first line of defence against invaders except

allergy involves excessive immune response against