represents the key concepts of the text.

a brief summary, explanatory text, or supporting idea to provide context or clarity to the main title stated.

Information that are organized and arranged in columns and rows

- found on top of the columns; used to identify the contents of a specific collums

used to define or identify the contents of a specific row

representations of selected characteristics of a place, usually drawn on flat surface.

labels mountain ranges and bodies of water.

labels cities, states and provinces.

describes new knowledge

presents new information in a story format

skim over information

compare and contrast, show relationships, illustrate order or process, and organize information into categories

shows a central idea with its corresponding characteristics.

to identify the similarities and differences

shows a series of steps or events

highlights the direct relationship

using either vertical or horizontal bars of different heights.

show how numerical data have changed over time

uses pie slices to show relative sizes of data.

Pictorial representation of data

examines two facets of a topic.

A reference book that contains synonyms and antonyms of words. It helps writer to find more suitable words and avoid repetition of terms.

Visual representation of a subject Facilitates better retention of the information presented Follow a non-sequential reading path, any text that is not read from beginning to end.

These are tools used for the visual presentation of information. Advance Organizers aid one’s understanding of new information by connecting it to already existing knowledge.