deals with the study of muscles.

is the ability to respond to stimulation. For example, skeletal muscles normally respond to stimulation by the nervous system, and some smooth muscles respond to circulating hormones.

is the ability of the muscle to rebound toward its original length after contraction.

is the ability to continue to contract over a range of resting lengths. For example, a smooth muscle can be stretched to several times it original length and still contract on stimulation.

is also referred to as non-striated or involuntary muscle, the latter term referring to the fact that its activity is neither initiated nor monitored consciously.

It forms the bulk of the muscular tissue of the body.

Presence of intercalated discs are unique to this muscles. In the light microscope they are seen as dark, transverse lines crossing the tracts of cardiac cells.

It is sometimes referred to as voluntary muscle, because the movements in which it participates are often initiated under conscious control.

the muscular component of the heart and constitutes the bulk of that organ, is the location of this muscle tissue.

Muscle contractions pull on tendons and move the bones of the skeleton.

Skeletal muscles guard openings to the digestive and urinary tracts and provide voluntary control over swallowing, defecating and urination.

The abdominal wall and the floor of the pelvic cavity consist of layers of muscles that support the weight of the visceral organs and shield tissues from injury.

Three layers of connective tissue are part of each muscle:

a layer of collagen fibers that separates muscles from surrounding tissues and organs.

are interwoven into the periosteum of the bone, providing a firm attachment.

The connective tissue fibers of the perimysium divide the skeletal muscle into series of compartments, each containing a bundle of muscle called?

In addition to collagen and elastic fibers, it also contains blood vessels and nerves that supply the fascicles.

Within a fascicle, this surrounds each skeletal muscle fiber and ties each adjacent muscle fibers together.

Parts of a Skeletal Muscle:

the more fixed point of attachment corresponding to the head of the muscle and usually the proximal end.

the movable point corresponding to the distal end of the muscle.

Muscles attached to bones may be anchored to cartilages, ligaments, membranes or skin.

fleshy part of the muscle

fibers are parallel to one another but not along its own axis. ex. Palmar interossei, flexor pollicis longus.

fibers converge to a common tendon. Ex. Rectus femoris, dorsal interossei

fibers run in several direction. ex. Deltoid

muscle fibers start from the walls of the osteofascial compartments, and converge obliquely in a central tendon. Ex. Tibialis anterior

twisted in arrangement ex. Sternocostal fibers of pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi

a spiral arrangement that have two or more planes of fiber arranged in differing direction Ex. Sternocleidomastoid, masseter, adductor magnus

muscle fibers run obliquely and converge to a common tendon. ex. Temporalis

muscle fibers are largely parallel to the line of pull which are flat and short. Ex. Thyrohyoid

muscle fibers are largely parallel to the line of pull which are flat and long. Ex. Sternothyroid, sartorius

individual fibers run for over shorter segments when there are transverse, tendinous insertions at intervals. Ex. Rectus abdominis

fibers almost parallel to one another and ending in a tendon. Ex. Rectus femoris

Type of Muscular Actions of Skeletal Muscle:

muscles that produce the actual desired muscular action. It is usually possible to identify one or more muscles that are consistently active in initiating and maintaining a movement.

muscles that oppose the movement, or initiate and maintain the opposite movement. Their partial contrary movement help to produce a smoother primary action.

These are the muscles that inhibit or prevent the movements that are not required.

These are the muscles which assist in accomplishing the movement.

Rhomboid (Diamond) Deltoid (?)

Dorsi ( of the back) Abdominis (?)

take the form of cords or straps of round or oval cross-section.

are slightly elastic and may be stretched up to 6% of their length without damage.

have smooth surfaces and glistening are strongly attached to bones

The outer surfaces are attached to the adjacent tissues, and the inner surfaces slide over each other as relative movement takes place.

The capillary film of lubricant synovial fluid also nourishes the lining of the synovial cells.

are found where tendons pass under ligamentous bands and retinacula

The internal (visceral) layer is attached by loose connective tissue to the tendon; the external (parietal) layer is similarly tethered to adjacent periosteum or other connective tissue structures; the two are separated by a thin film of synovial fluid.

a broad, thin sheet of connective tissue

any sheet of dense connective tissue that carries tensile forces directly or indirectly from skeletal muscles to fasciae, other muscles, cartilage or bone.any sheet of dense connective tissue that carries tensile forces directly or indirectly from skeletal muscles to fasciae, other muscles, cartilage or bone.

Connects bone to bone.

In the neck and limbs, laminae of the deep fascia pass between groups of muscles, and connect extensively with bone.

is composed mainly of collagenous fibers but these are compacted and in many cases arranged so regularly that the deep fascia may be indistinguishable from aponeurotic tissue.

It provides for increased mobility of the skin, and the adipose component both contribute to the thermal translation and constitutes a store of energy for metabolic use.

It is often adipose, particularly between muscle and skin.

is a layer of loose connective tissue of variable thickness which merges with the deep aspect of the dermis

Two types of Fascia:

is a term so vague in use that it signifies little more than assemblages of connective tissue large enough to be visible to the unaided eye.