philo 2nd q

56問 • 1年前

問題一覧

is the ability to make choices, perform those choices, and create oneself without undue restraint.

Freedom

: Define freedom as the absence of restraint in our movements, speech, beliefs, and actions allowing us to act within our capacity.

Solomon & Higgins

: The intrinsic ability to choose; an essential part of human nature.

Freedom Itself

: The power to decide between multiple choices independently, focusing on decision-making

Free Will

: Freedom from physical restraints, allowing people to act and move as they wish.

Physical Freedom

: Freedom of choice and action based on what a person deems right or wise. It is innate.

Psychological Freedom

: Using freedom in ways that respect human dignity and promote goodness.

Moral Freedom

: Using reason and judgment to govern one's actions wisely.

Prudence

: Evaluating emotions and moods before making choices to avoid impulsive actions.

Self-Reflection

suggests that all events, including human actions, are determined by preceding causes, leaving no room for free choice.

Determinism

: Every event is a result of a previous cause, adhering to natural laws.

Causal Determinism

: The link between cause and effect, implying that actions have predetermined outcomes based on specific conditions.

Law of Causation

: Freedom isn't absolute; it should be used thoughtfully and with restraint. • Example: Giving way to an elderly person in line.

With Control and Limits

: Use freedom to seek knowledge and make well-informed decisions. • Example: Voting for a knowledgeable political candidate based on their qualifications.

Based on Knowledge and Truth

: Freedom should uplift others and not be used to limit their own freedom

To Respect Others' Freedom

refers to a unique relationship between distinct subjects (individuals) where each person connects with others who are both different and similar to themselves in various ways.

Intersubjectivity

: Advocated practical humanism; emphasized loving others through actions rather than thoughts.

Confucius

: Introduced the "I-Thou" (personal, mutual respect) and "I-It" (detached, objective) relationships, emphasizing the need to treat others as subjects, not objects.

Martin Buber

: Developed the concept of "Participation," highlighting how human action directed toward others affirms communal existence, fostering meaning and connection.

Karol Wotyla

Recognizing the existence of others independently of oneself.

Simple Awareness of the Other

Becoming conscious that others perceive us, creating self-consciousness.

Awareness of Being Observed by Others

• Acting in ways that reflect how we want to be perceived, adjusting behavior based on others' perceptions.

Self-Awareness in Interaction with Others

People unconsciously adapt their behavior based on perceived roles, like behaving differently with friends versus at formal events.

Looking Glass Self

proponent of looking glass self

Charles Cooley

Based on mutual understanding, valuing each other's perspectives, and bridging empathy gaps.

Genuine Relationship

: Engaging in open, reciprocal communication using words, expressions, and body language to foster connection.

Dialogue

• The capacity to feel and understand others' emotions, driven by the recognition of others as persons with thoughts and feelings.

Empathy

A readiness to assist others, being present and willing to help when needed.

Availability

A moral perspective that prioritizes helping others, especially those in vulnerable situations, fostering a responsibility to respond to others' needs.

Ethics of Care

Subjective, mutual relationship

I-Thou

detached, objective use of others.

I-It relationship

An organized group of people with common territory and culture who interact frequently. It also signifies companionship, community, or union. • Philosophers view society as a product of deliberate actions by •individuals with a common goal. enables individuals to transform and, reciprocally, individuals can influence society through their actions.

Society

Centers around the domestication of animals, leading to a more predictable food supply. o Larger populations that stay in one place for extended periods and often trade surplus food with others.

Pastoral Society

Focuses on small-scale cultivation of plants and domestication of animals. Semi-nomadie, with gender-specific roles and responsibilities. Produces a surplus of goods.

Horticultural Society

Involves large-scale crop cultivation and animal domestication. Utilizes advanced farming tools and methods, which support larger populations.

Agricultural Society

Based on land ownership with a hierarchical system where rulers grant land to vassals. • Social organization revolves around status and dependence.

Feudal Society

• Emerged from the 18th-century Industrial Revolution, utilizing machinery for production. o Characterized by improved life conditions, trade, cultural diversity, and bureaucratic organization.

Industrial Society

• Known as Industry 4.0, this society is based on knowledge, information, and service sectors. o Members generally have higher educational attainment, specialized roles, and virtual interaction via technology.

Post-Industrial Society

Expected behaviors and traits that society deems acceptable and encourages its members to follow.

Norms

Formal, binding norms that define acceptable behavior and ensure justice and fair treatment within society.

Laws

o Informal traditions and norms, often stemming from customs, with no punishment for non-compliance.

Folkways

: Movement from place to place without permanent settlement (Hunting and Gathering).

Nomadic

: Extra production that can be traded or used (Pastoral, Horticultural).

Surplus

: Knowledge-based, digital society (Post-Industrial).

Industry 4.0

: Social rules and customs that shape behavior

Norms, Laws, Folkways

is defined as the end of life when a person stops breathing or their heart stops beating, life ceases. In medical terms, a flat line on medical monitors indicates death.

Death for Science

: Life is a mission, and death is a reunion with God, leading to eternal life.

Christianity

: Life and death are determined by Allah's will. Death is the soul's final journey, and the manner of death is based on one's righteousness.

Islam

: Death is part of samsara, or a cycle of life, death, and rebirth. The soul is part of Brahman, the eternal God.

Hinduism

: Death is a step in the cycle of rebirth. A person reincarnates until reaching Nirvana, a state beyond suffering.

Buddhism

: o Introduced the concept of Dasein, or "being." He believed individuals should seek authenticity by understanding their existence and actions. True living involves questioning one's purpose.

Martin Heidegger

: • Proposed that life is inherently meaningless, with people facing routines and hardships. He illustrated this in The Myth of Sisyphus, where Sisyphus endlessly pushes a boulder uphill, only for it to roll back down, symbolizing repetitive, purposeless struggle.

Albert Camus

: Pursuing wealth and a fulfilling life.

Pleasure and Happiness

: Seeking success and leaving a legacy.

Honor and Courage

: Gaining a deeper understanding of life and the world.

Wisdom and Knowledge

: Aiming to contribute to society and help others.

Charity and Love

Gen Chem

Joshua Timbol · 65問 · 1年前

Gen Chem