MODULE 11 Genetically Modified Organisms: Science, Health and Politics

40問 • 1年前

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All organisms, from microscopic to humans, have a unique set of instructions which set down how they look, grow and develop called the ___

genome

These instructions are found within cells in a chain called___

DNA

known as the blueprint of life.

DNA

which control different aspects of the organism's growth and characteristics.

genes

DNA is divided into small sections called

genes

is the process of inserting new genetic information into existing cells in order to modify a specific organism for the purpose of changing its characteristics.

Genetic engineering

Genetic Engineering sometimes called as___

recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology.

These organisms are called__into which DNA from unrelated organism has been artificially introduced

transgenic

is an organism that has undergone artificial manipulation, modification, and recombination of DNA and is usually done in the laboratory.

genetically modified organism

The technology was invented is credited in the name of ____ and ___ from ____(company)

Herbert Boye Robert Swanson Genentech

the first genetic engineering company located in the United States.

Genentech

Genentech was able to produce a human protein (somatostatin) in E.coli and genetically engineered human ___

somatostatin insulin

Now-a-day, food scarcity and lack of resources are very evident. one way to cater these problems is the creation of___

GMO

models are engineered for biomedical studies,

mouse

are engineered to produce medications such as insulin,

bacteria

Many biotech companies use "gene guns" that shoot metal particles coated with DNA into plant tissue with a .__caliber charge

__no longer uses gene guns, but instead takes advantage of bacteria, called Agrobacterium tumefaciens,

monsato

___ naturally invade seeds and alter plants by inserting pieces of their own DNA into a plant's genome.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens,

___uses DNA polymerase, the same enzyme that copies DNA in our cells when it's time for them to divide

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

But instead of the human version of that enzyme, PC uses a version of that enzyme, called ___, from a bacterium called ____

Taq polymerase Thermophilus aquaticus.

This tiny creature lives in very hot water, including the geysers in Yellowstone National Park.

Thermophilus aquaticus.

Genetic Engineering Tools __ That's convenient, because when we heat DNA, the two strands of the double helix are no longer strongly attracted to each other.

221

Raise the temperature again, and the same thing happens. In each cycle, the amount of DNA doubles, so it only takes ___ cycles to get ___copies of DNA.

10 1024

___heats a sample of DNA until the two strands come apart. Then it lowers the temperature back to normal, and the Taq polymerase gets to work filling in the missing nucleotides on each lonely strand. Now we have two pieces of DNA. Raise the temperature again, and the same thing happens. In each cycle, the amount of DNA doubles, so it only takes ten cycles to get 1,024 copies of DNA.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

If you want to cut and paste a gene from one place to another

restriction enzymes

These are enzymes naturally made by bacteria, and each one has a specific sequence that it recognizes and then cuts unevenly.

RESTRICTION ENZYMES

You can use this enzyme to cut a gene of interest out of any old DNA, and then use the same enzyme to cut a plasmid

restriction enzymes and ligase

a tiny circular piece of DNA that bacteria can carry.

plasmid

A slab of material that looks and feels a little bit like JellO.

Gel Electrophoresis

If you could shrink down to the size of a DNA molecule, you would see the gel as a network of chains of sugars called ___

agarose

To get the DNA to move, a scientist hooks up electrodes that put a positive charge at one end of the gel and a negative charge at the other. DNA is negatively charged, so it wants to move toward the end with the positive electrode. After a while, perhaps an hour or two depending on the experiment, the DNA shows up as stripes, or bands, in the gel.

Gel electrophoresis

CRISPR

Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats

___is a group of DNA sequences that are derived from DNA fragments from bacteriophages that have infected a prokaryote.

Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats

These sequences are then tasked to search and destroy any similar bacteriophages that try to infect that organism.

(CRISPR) Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats

Cas9

CRISPR-associated protein 9

is a protein that is able to cut DNA, which gives bacteria with Cas9 the ability to alter any genome using this protein.

Cas9

____one of the people who discovered the technique, has said that it's like having a scalpel when the previous tools were all sledge hammers.

Jennifer Doudna

In the wild, the bacterium makes an RNA copy of one or more of its scrapbooked sequences from the CRISPR array, and a protein called ___ holds onto it.

Cas9

It's already been used to create a mushroom that doesn't brown when cut.

Crispr

__(name)conducted the first recombinant DNA molecules hence one of the foundations of genetic engineering.

Paul Berg

MATH finals Module 8 Quantifiers and Negations

ユーザ名非公開 · 7問 · 2年前

MATH finals Module 8 Quantifiers and Negations