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1
All organisms, from microscopic to humans, have a unique set of instructions which set down how they look, grow and develop called the ___
genome
2
These instructions are found within cells in a chain called___
DNA
3
known as the blueprint of life.
DNA
4
which control different aspects of the organism's growth and characteristics.
genes
5
DNA is divided into small sections called
genes
6
is the process of inserting new genetic information into existing cells in order to modify a specific organism for the purpose of changing its characteristics.
Genetic engineering
7
Genetic Engineering sometimes called as___
recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology.
8
These organisms are called__into which DNA from unrelated organism has been artificially introduced
transgenic
9
is an organism that has undergone artificial manipulation, modification, and recombination of DNA and is usually done in the laboratory.
genetically modified organism
10
The technology was invented is credited in the name of ____ and ___ from ____(company)
Herbert Boye Robert Swanson Genentech
11
the first genetic engineering company located in the United States.
Genentech
12
Genentech was able to produce a human protein (somatostatin) in E.coli and genetically engineered human ___
somatostatin insulin
13
Now-a-day, food scarcity and lack of resources are very evident. one way to cater these problems is the creation of___
GMO
14
models are engineered for biomedical studies,
mouse
15
are engineered to produce medications such as insulin,
bacteria
16
Many biotech companies use "gene guns" that shoot metal particles coated with DNA into plant tissue with a .__caliber charge
22
17
__no longer uses gene guns, but instead takes advantage of bacteria, called Agrobacterium tumefaciens,
monsato
18
___ naturally invade seeds and alter plants by inserting pieces of their own DNA into a plant's genome.
Agrobacterium tumefaciens,
19
___uses DNA polymerase, the same enzyme that copies DNA in our cells when it's time for them to divide
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
20
But instead of the human version of that enzyme, PC uses a version of that enzyme, called ___, from a bacterium called ____
Taq polymerase Thermophilus aquaticus.
21
This tiny creature lives in very hot water, including the geysers in Yellowstone National Park.
Thermophilus aquaticus.
22
Genetic Engineering Tools __ That's convenient, because when we heat DNA, the two strands of the double helix are no longer strongly attracted to each other.
221
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Raise the temperature again, and the same thing happens. In each cycle, the amount of DNA doubles, so it only takes ___ cycles to get ___copies of DNA.
10 1024
24
___heats a sample of DNA until the two strands come apart. Then it lowers the temperature back to normal, and the Taq polymerase gets to work filling in the missing nucleotides on each lonely strand. Now we have two pieces of DNA. Raise the temperature again, and the same thing happens. In each cycle, the amount of DNA doubles, so it only takes ten cycles to get 1,024 copies of DNA.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
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If you want to cut and paste a gene from one place to another
restriction enzymes
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These are enzymes naturally made by bacteria, and each one has a specific sequence that it recognizes and then cuts unevenly.
RESTRICTION ENZYMES
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You can use this enzyme to cut a gene of interest out of any old DNA, and then use the same enzyme to cut a plasmid
restriction enzymes and ligase
28
a tiny circular piece of DNA that bacteria can carry.
plasmid
29
A slab of material that looks and feels a little bit like JellO.
Gel Electrophoresis
30
If you could shrink down to the size of a DNA molecule, you would see the gel as a network of chains of sugars called ___
agarose
31
To get the DNA to move, a scientist hooks up electrodes that put a positive charge at one end of the gel and a negative charge at the other. DNA is negatively charged, so it wants to move toward the end with the positive electrode. After a while, perhaps an hour or two depending on the experiment, the DNA shows up as stripes, or bands, in the gel.
Gel electrophoresis
32
CRISPR
Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
33
___is a group of DNA sequences that are derived from DNA fragments from bacteriophages that have infected a prokaryote.
Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
34
These sequences are then tasked to search and destroy any similar bacteriophages that try to infect that organism.
(CRISPR) Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
35
Cas9
CRISPR-associated protein 9
36
is a protein that is able to cut DNA, which gives bacteria with Cas9 the ability to alter any genome using this protein.
Cas9
37
____one of the people who discovered the technique, has said that it's like having a scalpel when the previous tools were all sledge hammers.
Jennifer Doudna
38
In the wild, the bacterium makes an RNA copy of one or more of its scrapbooked sequences from the CRISPR array, and a protein called ___ holds onto it.
Cas9
39
It's already been used to create a mushroom that doesn't brown when cut.
Crispr
40
__(name)conducted the first recombinant DNA molecules hence one of the foundations of genetic engineering.
Paul Berg