All organisms, from microscopic to humans, have a unique set of instructions which set down how they look, grow and develop called the ___

These instructions are found within cells in a chain called___

known as the blueprint of life.

which control different aspects of the organism's growth and characteristics.

DNA is divided into small sections called

is the process of inserting new genetic information into existing cells in order to modify a specific organism for the purpose of changing its characteristics.

Genetic Engineering sometimes called as___

These organisms are called__into which DNA from unrelated organism has been artificially introduced

is an organism that has undergone artificial manipulation, modification, and recombination of DNA and is usually done in the laboratory.

The technology was invented is credited in the name of ____ and ___ from ____(company)

the first genetic engineering company located in the United States.

Genentech was able to produce a human protein (somatostatin) in E.coli and genetically engineered human ___

Now-a-day, food scarcity and lack of resources are very evident. one way to cater these problems is the creation of___

models are engineered for biomedical studies,

are engineered to produce medications such as insulin,

Many biotech companies use "gene guns" that shoot metal particles coated with DNA into plant tissue with a .__caliber charge

__no longer uses gene guns, but instead takes advantage of bacteria, called Agrobacterium tumefaciens,

___ naturally invade seeds and alter plants by inserting pieces of their own DNA into a plant's genome.

___uses DNA polymerase, the same enzyme that copies DNA in our cells when it's time for them to divide

But instead of the human version of that enzyme, PC uses a version of that enzyme, called ___, from a bacterium called ____

This tiny creature lives in very hot water, including the geysers in Yellowstone National Park.

Genetic Engineering Tools __ That's convenient, because when we heat DNA, the two strands of the double helix are no longer strongly attracted to each other.

Raise the temperature again, and the same thing happens. In each cycle, the amount of DNA doubles, so it only takes ___ cycles to get ___copies of DNA.

___heats a sample of DNA until the two strands come apart. Then it lowers the temperature back to normal, and the Taq polymerase gets to work filling in the missing nucleotides on each lonely strand. Now we have two pieces of DNA. Raise the temperature again, and the same thing happens. In each cycle, the amount of DNA doubles, so it only takes ten cycles to get 1,024 copies of DNA.

If you want to cut and paste a gene from one place to another

These are enzymes naturally made by bacteria, and each one has a specific sequence that it recognizes and then cuts unevenly.

You can use this enzyme to cut a gene of interest out of any old DNA, and then use the same enzyme to cut a plasmid

a tiny circular piece of DNA that bacteria can carry.

A slab of material that looks and feels a little bit like JellO.

If you could shrink down to the size of a DNA molecule, you would see the gel as a network of chains of sugars called ___

To get the DNA to move, a scientist hooks up electrodes that put a positive charge at one end of the gel and a negative charge at the other. DNA is negatively charged, so it wants to move toward the end with the positive electrode. After a while, perhaps an hour or two depending on the experiment, the DNA shows up as stripes, or bands, in the gel.

CRISPR

___is a group of DNA sequences that are derived from DNA fragments from bacteriophages that have infected a prokaryote.

These sequences are then tasked to search and destroy any similar bacteriophages that try to infect that organism.

Cas9

is a protein that is able to cut DNA, which gives bacteria with Cas9 the ability to alter any genome using this protein.

____one of the people who discovered the technique, has said that it's like having a scalpel when the previous tools were all sledge hammers.

In the wild, the bacterium makes an RNA copy of one or more of its scrapbooked sequences from the CRISPR array, and a protein called ___ holds onto it.

It's already been used to create a mushroom that doesn't brown when cut.

__(name)conducted the first recombinant DNA molecules hence one of the foundations of genetic engineering.