are held together by a delocalized “sea” of collectively shared valence electrons.

are held together by the mutual attraction between cations and anions.

are held together by an extended network of covalent bonds.

band of electron orbitals that electrons can jump out of, moving into the conduction band when excited.

the outermost electron orbital of an atom of any specific material that electrons actually occupy.

partially filled band or a band of vacant energy levels just higher in energy than a filled band.

a band within which, or into which, electrons must be promoted to allow electrical conduction to occur in a solid.

contain only one type of atom.

contain two or more elements.

band that forms from bonding molecular orbitals.

band that forms from antibonding orbitals.

process of adding controlled amounts of impurity atoms to a material.

a material that contains more than one element and has the characteristic properties of a metal.

formed by alloying copper and tin.

alloy of copper and zinc.

Alloys four categories:

when atoms of the solute in a solid solution occupy positions normally occupied by a solvent atom.

when the solute atoms occupy positions in the “holes” between solvent atoms.

simplest repeating unit in a crystal.

points in space about which the particles are free to vibrate in a crystal.