True or false Krashen claims that learning cannot turn into acquisition.

Give the 5 hypothesis by Stephen Krashen *In Order

Initiates the speakers utterances and is responsible for spontaneous language use.

H- Brown

Dakley

The product of a subconscious process

The product of formal instruction comprises a conscious process.

Krashen has concluded that two systems of language acquisition are independent but related

Therefore, it is impossible to distinguish acquisition from learning, much less prove that _____?

Give the 6 major theories *In order

Acts as a monitor, making minor changes and polishing what the acquired system has produced.

This monitor _____ the output of the student as they produce sentences, ensuring the correct usage of the language.

Give the 3 conditions of monitor use *In order

Krashen suggests that during the formal study of language, an _____ or monitor is developed.

are performers who feel they must know the rule for everything and do not entirely trust their feel for grammaticality in the second language. They use the monitor all the time.

they appear to be entirely dependent on what they can pick up of the second language. These are learners who have not learned or who prefer not to use their conscious knowledge.

are the performers who use learning as a real supplement to acquisition, monitoring when it does not get in the way of communication.

the acquisition of grammatical structures follows a natural order which is predictable.

the order of acquisition remains the same regardless of explicit instruction.

According to _______ , language learners acquire (rather than learn) the rules of a language in a predictable sequence.

Irregular past forms

Present progressive , plural, copula

Auxiliary, Articles

Regular Past, Third person singular, Possessive

the learner improves and progresses along the natural order when s/he receives second language input that is one step beyond his/her current stage of linguistic competence.

According to _______, second language acquisition directly results from learners’ understanding of the target language in natural communication situations. In other words, comprehensible input is the causative variable in language acquisition.

the learner improves and progresses along the natural order when s/he receives second language input that is ________his/her current stage of linguistic competence.

comprehensible input is the _______ in language acquisition.

abbreviated as i + 1, with i meaning _____ and +1 indicating the _______

Krashen claims that learners with high motivation, self-confidence, a good self-image, and a low level of anxiety are better equipped for success in second language acquisition.

Krashen concludes that the most important affective variables favoring second language acquisition are a low-anxiety learning environment, student motivation to learn the language, self-confidence, and self-esteem.

Krashen urges teachers not to force production, but rather to allow students a _______during which they can acquire some language knowledge by listening and understanding, as opposed to learning it through meaningless rote drills.

The process of adapting to a new culture.

Involves accommodation, wherein the learner adjusts his internalized system to make it fit the input.

It consists of assimilation, wherein the learner makes the input conform to his internalized view of what constitutes the L2 system.

Language acquisition is seen as a matter of nurture only.

It is how the _____ defines itself concerning the ______ important for second language acquisition.

Language development should be considered in terms of how the learner discovers the meaning potential of language by participating in communication.

It is believed, according to discourse theorists, that language acquisition will successfully take place when language learners "know" how and when to use the language in various settings and when they have successfully "cognized" various forms of competence such as grammatical competence (lexis, morphology, syntax, and phonology) and pragmatic competence (e.g., speech acts).

lexis, morphology, syntax, and phonology

Speech acts

Language is important in establishing cultural hegemony, and the prescriptivist teaching of prestigious forms of language to workers and peasants is encouraged to empower them.

Language cannot be usefully studied in isolation from social and political factors. The theory stresses the value of linguistic diversity and pluralism. Language evolves dynamically and is affected by the culture that produces it as it helps to shape that culture. In this sense, the theory can perhaps partially be likened to Sapir-Whorf's "relativity theory," asserting that each language imposes on its speaker a particular worldview.

The theory stresses the value of linguistic _____ and _______

Language evolves dynamically and is affected by the culture that produces it as it helps to shape that culture. In this sense, the theory can perhaps partially be likened to Sapir-Whorf's __________ asserting that each language imposes on its speaker a particular worldview.

Language has four main facets: Word order, vocabulary, word forms, and intonation. Whatever the speaker wants to communicate must be achieved through these four. Children learn their mother language by attaching particular weights to particular clues. For example, English children emphasize word order, while Russian children emphasize word endings. This model is an example of discovery learning and needs to account for realistic language acquisition.

Language has four main facets

This is an L2 theory stating that language acquisition is a two-sided phenomenon: The process and the product of language.

This is an L2 theory stating that language acquisition is a two-sided phenomenon: _____ and ______

refers to the distinction between the linguistic rules and the ability to make use of these rules.

refers to discourse types to be generated from unplanned to planned.

This theory holds that any language capable of serving as a medium for interpersonal communication must necessarily presuppose the existence of a motivationally ideal environment for a child to acquire L2 and L1 successfully. According to Erik Erikson (cited in Murphy, 1983:123), the self or identity is a dynamic state by which the child continually defines selfhood.

According to _______ (cited in Murphy, 1983:123), the self or identity is a dynamic state by which the child continually defines selfhood.

According to Erik Erikson (cited in Murphy, 1983:123), _________ or ________ is a dynamic state by which the child continually defines selfhood.

Language learning is seen as establishing the potencies between the vast numbers of connections in the brain, and language acquisition does not occur gradually but simultaneously. This model fails to account for how language is acquired because it just studies how the brain makes the connections when a language is processed. The only difference from the other nurturist models is that the black box (i.e., the brain) is opened, yet not studied as the nativists do.

Language acquisition is viewed as the result of an interaction between the learner's mental abilities (cognition) and the linguistic input. This model may be regarded as the best since it combines naturist and nurturist ideas. However, it is not for the nativists believe that the combination of general learning capacity (cognition) and environmental input does not lead to language acquisition.

_____ (1985:273) notes that this theory is based on two systems: Communication and cognitive hierarchies.

Ellis (1985:273) notes that this theory is based on two systems: ______ and______

means language and other forms of interpersonal communication

refers to a number of cognitive information processing activities possibly related to "conscious" processes.

The theory also sharply distinguishes between _____ and _____

is seen in the child's acquisition of one or more languages from the age of two to five.

is found in both adults and children.

It is, in addition, divided into two parts a____? b____?

that is formal classroom language learning.

that is, the natural acquisition of a second language after the age of five.

This theory claims that a learner is expected to acquire a language and communicate in that language when the language surrounds them and when s/he hears nothing else.

This theory holds that language learning is a process which involves active mental processes and not simply the forming habits. The learner's active part is more important particularly in the course of learning grammar rules. The CLT takes some ideas from this view.

The term interlanguage refers to a language system created by someone learning a second language and it is regarded as a "reduced" version of the target language with many features carried over from the learner's mother tongue.

The term interlanguage refers to a language system created by someone learning a second language and it is regarded as a ______version of the target language with many features carried over from the learner's mother tongue.

L1 and L2 under the Interlingual Theory

Give the 11 overview of other theories *In order

it must be part of naturally flowing language used for authentic, purposeful communication.

Factors of the acculturation model

One behaviorist language teaching method popularized in the 1960s is the _______method

For behaviorists, the processes involved in second or foreign language learning consisted of _______?

_______were to be corrected immediately to avoid forming bad habits that would be difficult to overcome later.

The theory implies that, in language acquisition, ______ and ______ factors are crucial in facilitating overall language development.

This model may be regarded as the best since it combines naturist and nurturist ideas.

The theory emphasized the study of spoken and written discourse to reveal errors that might pose difficulty on acquisition (i.e., the intermediary language)