refers to discourse types to be generated from unplanned to planned.

lexis, morphology, syntax, and phonology

Give the 11 overview of other theories *In order

Initiates the speakers utterances and is responsible for spontaneous language use.

True or false Krashen claims that learning cannot turn into acquisition.

Language has four main facets: Word order, vocabulary, word forms, and intonation. Whatever the speaker wants to communicate must be achieved through these four. Children learn their mother language by attaching particular weights to particular clues. For example, English children emphasize word order, while Russian children emphasize word endings. This model is an example of discovery learning and needs to account for realistic language acquisition.

Regular Past, Third person singular, Possessive

Involves accommodation, wherein the learner adjusts his internalized system to make it fit the input.

is seen in the child's acquisition of one or more languages from the age of two to five.

The theory emphasized the study of spoken and written discourse to reveal errors that might pose difficulty on acquisition (i.e., the intermediary language)

refers to a number of cognitive information processing activities possibly related to "conscious" processes.

they appear to be entirely dependent on what they can pick up of the second language. These are learners who have not learned or who prefer not to use their conscious knowledge.

Therefore, it is impossible to distinguish acquisition from learning, much less prove that _____?

Give the 3 conditions of monitor use *In order

The product of a subconscious process

This theory claims that a learner is expected to acquire a language and communicate in that language when the language surrounds them and when s/he hears nothing else.

the learner improves and progresses along the natural order when s/he receives second language input that is ________his/her current stage of linguistic competence.

it must be part of naturally flowing language used for authentic, purposeful communication.

Ellis (1985:273) notes that this theory is based on two systems: ______ and______

_______were to be corrected immediately to avoid forming bad habits that would be difficult to overcome later.

Auxiliary, Articles

H- Brown

the learner improves and progresses along the natural order when s/he receives second language input that is one step beyond his/her current stage of linguistic competence.

comprehensible input is the _______ in language acquisition.

According to Erik Erikson (cited in Murphy, 1983:123), _________ or ________ is a dynamic state by which the child continually defines selfhood.

Give the 5 hypothesis by Stephen Krashen *In Order

refers to the distinction between the linguistic rules and the ability to make use of these rules.

According to _______ (cited in Murphy, 1983:123), the self or identity is a dynamic state by which the child continually defines selfhood.

The process of adapting to a new culture.

means language and other forms of interpersonal communication

This monitor _____ the output of the student as they produce sentences, ensuring the correct usage of the language.

It is how the _____ defines itself concerning the ______ important for second language acquisition.

are the performers who use learning as a real supplement to acquisition, monitoring when it does not get in the way of communication.

This theory holds that any language capable of serving as a medium for interpersonal communication must necessarily presuppose the existence of a motivationally ideal environment for a child to acquire L2 and L1 successfully. According to Erik Erikson (cited in Murphy, 1983:123), the self or identity is a dynamic state by which the child continually defines selfhood.

Krashen suggests that during the formal study of language, an _____ or monitor is developed.

Krashen concludes that the most important affective variables favoring second language acquisition are a low-anxiety learning environment, student motivation to learn the language, self-confidence, and self-esteem.

According to _______, second language acquisition directly results from learners’ understanding of the target language in natural communication situations. In other words, comprehensible input is the causative variable in language acquisition.

This model may be regarded as the best since it combines naturist and nurturist ideas.

are performers who feel they must know the rule for everything and do not entirely trust their feel for grammaticality in the second language. They use the monitor all the time.

Language acquisition is seen as a matter of nurture only.

The theory implies that, in language acquisition, ______ and ______ factors are crucial in facilitating overall language development.

the order of acquisition remains the same regardless of explicit instruction.

Factors of the acculturation model

The product of formal instruction comprises a conscious process.

Language acquisition is viewed as the result of an interaction between the learner's mental abilities (cognition) and the linguistic input. This model may be regarded as the best since it combines naturist and nurturist ideas. However, it is not for the nativists believe that the combination of general learning capacity (cognition) and environmental input does not lead to language acquisition.

is found in both adults and children.

Language has four main facets

The term interlanguage refers to a language system created by someone learning a second language and it is regarded as a ______version of the target language with many features carried over from the learner's mother tongue.

Dakley

that is, the natural acquisition of a second language after the age of five.

Language learning is seen as establishing the potencies between the vast numbers of connections in the brain, and language acquisition does not occur gradually but simultaneously. This model fails to account for how language is acquired because it just studies how the brain makes the connections when a language is processed. The only difference from the other nurturist models is that the black box (i.e., the brain) is opened, yet not studied as the nativists do.

_____ (1985:273) notes that this theory is based on two systems: Communication and cognitive hierarchies.

Krashen claims that learners with high motivation, self-confidence, a good self-image, and a low level of anxiety are better equipped for success in second language acquisition.

Language cannot be usefully studied in isolation from social and political factors. The theory stresses the value of linguistic diversity and pluralism. Language evolves dynamically and is affected by the culture that produces it as it helps to shape that culture. In this sense, the theory can perhaps partially be likened to Sapir-Whorf's "relativity theory," asserting that each language imposes on its speaker a particular worldview.

This theory holds that language learning is a process which involves active mental processes and not simply the forming habits. The learner's active part is more important particularly in the course of learning grammar rules. The CLT takes some ideas from this view.

Speech acts

Language is important in establishing cultural hegemony, and the prescriptivist teaching of prestigious forms of language to workers and peasants is encouraged to empower them.

It is, in addition, divided into two parts a____? b____?

Krashen urges teachers not to force production, but rather to allow students a _______during which they can acquire some language knowledge by listening and understanding, as opposed to learning it through meaningless rote drills.

For behaviorists, the processes involved in second or foreign language learning consisted of _______?

Acts as a monitor, making minor changes and polishing what the acquired system has produced.

the acquisition of grammatical structures follows a natural order which is predictable.

It consists of assimilation, wherein the learner makes the input conform to his internalized view of what constitutes the L2 system.

Present progressive , plural, copula

L1 and L2 under the Interlingual Theory

Language evolves dynamically and is affected by the culture that produces it as it helps to shape that culture. In this sense, the theory can perhaps partially be likened to Sapir-Whorf's __________ asserting that each language imposes on its speaker a particular worldview.

The theory stresses the value of linguistic _____ and _______

Krashen has concluded that two systems of language acquisition are independent but related

This is an L2 theory stating that language acquisition is a two-sided phenomenon: The process and the product of language.

abbreviated as i + 1, with i meaning _____ and +1 indicating the _______

This is an L2 theory stating that language acquisition is a two-sided phenomenon: _____ and ______

that is formal classroom language learning.

Language development should be considered in terms of how the learner discovers the meaning potential of language by participating in communication.

Irregular past forms

It is believed, according to discourse theorists, that language acquisition will successfully take place when language learners "know" how and when to use the language in various settings and when they have successfully "cognized" various forms of competence such as grammatical competence (lexis, morphology, syntax, and phonology) and pragmatic competence (e.g., speech acts).

Give the 6 major theories *In order

According to _______ , language learners acquire (rather than learn) the rules of a language in a predictable sequence.

One behaviorist language teaching method popularized in the 1960s is the _______method

The theory also sharply distinguishes between _____ and _____

The term interlanguage refers to a language system created by someone learning a second language and it is regarded as a "reduced" version of the target language with many features carried over from the learner's mother tongue.