Occur in native state, uncombined form

Cu,Au,Ag,S,Diamond

Pure masses if single metal/ element

S2- bonded to metal cation

Economically important as metal ores

pyrite, galena

(SO4)2- bonded to metal action

Many forms by precipitation out of highly saline water at and/or near the Earths surface

Gypsum, Barite

Metal cations combined with oxygen

Can be simple or multiple

Strong Ionic bonding,hard, dense, and refractory

Form many of the valuable ores

Also carry the best record of changes in the earths magnetic field

Hematite, Magnetite, Chromite, Pyrolusite, manganite

Metals attached with (OH)-

Tend to be less dense than oxides, and not as hard

Form at low temp, and predominantly in weathering products (alteration in hydrothermal veins)

Manganite (MnO(OH)), diaspore, Geothite

Contains halogen ions like Cl- or F-

Salts that form when salt water evaporates

Low hardness, poor thermal and electric conductors when solid, good electric conductors when molten

Halite(NaCl), Flourite (CaF2), Sylvite KCl

Silica Tetrahedon, as fundamental component

______ minerals make up over 90% of crust

Contain (CO3)2-

Commonly deposited in marine settings when the shells of dead planktonic life settle and accumulate on the sea floor

Calcite, Azurite, Malachite, dolomite

Similar structure with silicates but instead of Si, its P, As (arsenates), or Va (Vanadates)

turquoise

Single, isolated tetrahedron No cleavage Composition: (Mg, Fe)2SiO4

not stable in the presence of free quartz and will form a pyroxene called enstatite

•Structure possessing parallel silica letrahedron chains whuch can be double or single • Single/Pyroxene Group • Double/ Amphibole Group

Cleavage: 2 at 90 deg Orthopyroxene Clinopyroxene

Common in peridotites, gabbros, norutes and basalts Commonly associated by olivine, pagioclase, Ca-rich clinopyroxene

Monoclinic Augite

Most common pyroxene mineral

• Hornblende • cleavage: 2 at 60 deg and 120 deg • in the presence of water/fluids, pyroxenes are often converted to amphibole

Ca-rich amphibole mineral, common in diorites, commonly occurs with pagioclase

Sheets of silicate tetrahedron cleavage: 1 plane Biotite Muscovite

Dark colored mica common in granite, diorite, gabbros, and peridotites

Mg-rich if in unltramafics and Fe-rich if in granites

In metamorphic rocks, it occurs with chlorite and muscovite

Light colored mica common in granites

3D framework if silicate tetrahedron Feldspar Silica Group

•Potassium Feldspar/ Orthoclase/ Alkali Feldspar • Calcium Feldspar/ Pagioclase • Sodium Feldspar / Albite

Most abundunt silicate mineral in the crust

Quartz, Opal , Chalcedony

Tridymite or cristobalite in high temp

Rose,admethyst and smoky ____ are low temp varieties

common in granite, diorite and chert

common in gangue mineral in hydrothermal ore deposit

Quartz with water

along with chalcedony and agate, they occur in hydrothermally altered rocks

Fibrous Variety