anatomical cross section of muscle , physiological cross section of muscle , muscle texture, size and type of motor unit

amount of resistance imposed by examiner, ability to perform movement entirely, presence or absence of muscle twitch

number of muscle fibers in contraction, degree of lengthening , sex, age

abdomini, gluteus Maximus, medius, external hip rotators, quadriceps femoris, tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius

sit and stand, walking speed, stair walking , getting up from Lying

gluteus Maximus , gluteus medius, QF, tibialis anterior , gastrocnemius, soleus

glut. med.= 3 pelvic drop, tib.ant.= 4, foot drop when heel Contacts ground, QF= 3, no knee absorption, glut. max.= torso pulled forward, gastroc.= 4, heel doesnt come from ground

C4

deltoid, C5

biceps , C5-6

extensors, C6

triceps C7

flexors C7

C7

abductor pollicis brevis C8

interossei dorsales, TH1

iliopsoas L2

QF, L3

tibialis anterior L4

L5

L5

S1

S1

hamstring S2

n facialis VII

masseter, temporalis, pterygoidei, trigeminal nerve V

draw scalp anteriorly, raise eyebrows

close eyes

draw eyebrows inferiorly, frowning

tighten skin to root of nose

narrowing nostrils

tightens lips

draw angle of mouth up like smile

pull corner literally like showing teeth

pull mouth corner superiorly

draw lower lip down and sideways

pull mouth corner down

lift skin of chin

whistling blowing helps widen the mouth

depresses angle of mouth

closes the jaw

closes jaw, elevates mandibula

elevates and protracts mandible

protracts and depresses mandible

plexus cervicalis(C1-8) n. phrenicus, n accesorius (XI), plexus lumbalis L1-3

scalenus anterior, scalenus medius, scalenus posterior , longus colli, longus capítis, SCM

trapezius, iliocostalis cervicis, longissimus capitis, longissimus cervicis, spinalis capitis, cervicis

rectus abdominis

obliquus externus abdominis, obliquus internus abdominis

longissimus, iliocostales , spinalis , quadratus lumborum

quadratus lumborum

subclavicus, thoracic longus, pectorales, dorsalis scapulae, suprascapularis, thoracicodorsalis, subscapularis

musculocutaneus, axilaris, medianus, radialis, ulnaris

c8-th1, claw hand deformity, venderovic’s test- isolated abduction of little finger, froment’s sign- paper tearing between thumb and forefinger, rudder test- isolated flexion of mcp joint

c5-c8, wrist drop deformity, swan neck , clasped hands symptom with extended fingers, extensors wrist and mcp test- impossible extension of hand and mcp joints, function of brachioradialis flx supination of forearm, hand grip disfunction

c6-th1, ape hand deformity, flexor digitorum profundus test- isolated flx of distal phalanx of index finger, roll of the thumbs , circle test, clasped hands symptom , impossible opposition and abduction of thumb , Mug/ bottle test

iliohypogastricus, ilioinquinalis, genitofemoralis, cutaneus lateralis, femoralis, obturatorius

gluteus superior , gluteus inferior, cutaneus femoris posterior, ischiadicus

standing on tiptoes, jumping on one foot , supination of toe flexion

L4-S2, foot drop, excessive hip and knee flx, standing on heels , dorsal flexion of foot and toes , flaccid foot arch

Extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor digitorum, extensor digiti minimi, extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor indicis, abductor pollicis longus

severe pain is a contraindication for muscle testing , substitution of a weakened muscle agonist by synergists is common during muscle testing

rapid changed in walking direction can disrupt Postural stability , sensory feedback plays a key role in maintaining postural stability

flexor digitorum profundus

abductor pollicis brecis, oponens pollicis

opponens pollicis, abductor pollicis brevis, flexor pollicis brevis superficialis

pronator teres, pronator quadratus

flexor digitorum profundus for 2nd and 3rd fingers, flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor pollicis brevis, opponens pollicis

blood clot often forms in the viens of lower extremity, symptoms include limb pain, swelling, redness, warmth, excercise is contraindicated due to risk of pulmonary embolism

static form of standing asdessment by observation is inaccurate But reveals basic assymetries and visible deformities

During the transition from sitting to standing, the therapist stands on the affected side, uses a grip under the armpit or waist, and may support the toe or knee, and construction being important, Passive movements are performed without the patient's muscle activity and assisted movement involves exercises with the help of a therapist to achieve maximum active cooperation from the patient, Training daily activities (ADL) includes transfers, and the amount of assistance depends on the quality of the patients movement, Bed transfers include lifting the pelvis, moving up and down, and turning to the affected and healthy side, often requiring assistance for the pelvis and shoulder

Adults should engage in 150-300 minutes of moderate intensity physical activity per week, Children and adolescents should engage in 60 minutes of average aerobic physical activity daily

Dysfunctional muscles include the flexor digitorum profundus for the 2nd and 3rd fingers and the flexor digitorum superficialis, On the side of the lesion, the 1st and 3rd fingers remain in extension, The patient is instructed to clasp hands with flexed fingers

The dysfunctional muscle is the adductor pollicis, The patient tries to pull a piece of paper held between the index finger and thumb

Manual muscle testing is a subjective method of assessing muscle strength, Jandas manual muscle test is an analytical method for determining the strength of a muscle or muscle group, Dynamomety combined with EMG increases the precision of muscle strength measurement

Repeated assessments should be conducted by different examiners to ensure objectivity, The measuring tool should always be the same, Validity and reliability of measurements may vary across different segments , Measurements should be performed in the same defined position

Muscle shortening tends to occur especially in postural muscles involved in flexor reflex mechanisms, There is a change in elasticity due to morphological remodelling, Muscle shortness occurs as a part of the remodelling of dynamic stereotypes

Passive stretching is used in the reeducation phase, It is facilitation of each separate affected muscle according to the manual muscle test, Indication is combined with verbal instruction

Passive movements do not require any cooperation from the patient, Passive movement must occur within the physiological range

When walking with partial unloading of both lower limbs, four point and two point gait patterns are used, Walking with full unloading of one lower limb can be performed with a swing or swing through gait, When walking with partial weight bearing on one lower limb two point three point and four point gait patterns are used

tibialis posterior , peroneus longus, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus, abductor hallucis longus

peroneus brevis, peroneus longus , peroneus tertius, abductor digiti minimi, extensor digitorum longus , triceps surae

adductor hallucis, flexor hallucis longus , flexor digitorum longus, tibialis posterior, peroneus longus