adductor hallucis, flexor hallucis longus , flexor digitorum longus, tibialis posterior, peroneus longus

pull corner literally like showing teeth

severe pain is a contraindication for muscle testing , substitution of a weakened muscle agonist by synergists is common during muscle testing

longissimus, iliocostales , spinalis , quadratus lumborum

extensors, C6

rectus abdominis

Dysfunctional muscles include the flexor digitorum profundus for the 2nd and 3rd fingers and the flexor digitorum superficialis, On the side of the lesion, the 1st and 3rd fingers remain in extension, The patient is instructed to clasp hands with flexed fingers

Passive stretching is used in the reeducation phase, It is facilitation of each separate affected muscle according to the manual muscle test, Indication is combined with verbal instruction

lift skin of chin

C7

biceps , C5-6

c5-c8, wrist drop deformity, swan neck , clasped hands symptom with extended fingers, extensors wrist and mcp test- impossible extension of hand and mcp joints, function of brachioradialis flx supination of forearm, hand grip disfunction

The dysfunctional muscle is the adductor pollicis, The patient tries to pull a piece of paper held between the index finger and thumb

abductor pollicis brecis, oponens pollicis

tightens lips

deltoid, C5

abdomini, gluteus Maximus, medius, external hip rotators, quadriceps femoris, tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius

static form of standing asdessment by observation is inaccurate But reveals basic assymetries and visible deformities

abductor pollicis brevis C8

iliopsoas L2

whistling blowing helps widen the mouth

flexor digitorum profundus

close eyes

pull mouth corner down

flexors C7

S1

draw angle of mouth up like smile

When walking with partial unloading of both lower limbs, four point and two point gait patterns are used, Walking with full unloading of one lower limb can be performed with a swing or swing through gait, When walking with partial weight bearing on one lower limb two point three point and four point gait patterns are used

pull mouth corner superiorly

pronator teres, pronator quadratus

scalenus anterior, scalenus medius, scalenus posterior , longus colli, longus capítis, SCM

anatomical cross section of muscle , physiological cross section of muscle , muscle texture, size and type of motor unit

L5

narrowing nostrils

Repeated assessments should be conducted by different examiners to ensure objectivity, The measuring tool should always be the same, Validity and reliability of measurements may vary across different segments , Measurements should be performed in the same defined position

masseter, temporalis, pterygoidei, trigeminal nerve V

interossei dorsales, TH1

During the transition from sitting to standing, the therapist stands on the affected side, uses a grip under the armpit or waist, and may support the toe or knee, and construction being important, Passive movements are performed without the patient's muscle activity and assisted movement involves exercises with the help of a therapist to achieve maximum active cooperation from the patient, Training daily activities (ADL) includes transfers, and the amount of assistance depends on the quality of the patients movement, Bed transfers include lifting the pelvis, moving up and down, and turning to the affected and healthy side, often requiring assistance for the pelvis and shoulder

number of muscle fibers in contraction, degree of lengthening , sex, age

obliquus externus abdominis, obliquus internus abdominis

gluteus superior , gluteus inferior, cutaneus femoris posterior, ischiadicus

closes the jaw

blood clot often forms in the viens of lower extremity, symptoms include limb pain, swelling, redness, warmth, excercise is contraindicated due to risk of pulmonary embolism

sit and stand, walking speed, stair walking , getting up from Lying

Passive movements do not require any cooperation from the patient, Passive movement must occur within the physiological range

flexor digitorum profundus for 2nd and 3rd fingers, flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor pollicis brevis, opponens pollicis

C4

elevates and protracts mandible

n facialis VII

tighten skin to root of nose

iliohypogastricus, ilioinquinalis, genitofemoralis, cutaneus lateralis, femoralis, obturatorius

tibialis anterior L4

Adults should engage in 150-300 minutes of moderate intensity physical activity per week, Children and adolescents should engage in 60 minutes of average aerobic physical activity daily

c8-th1, claw hand deformity, venderovic’s test- isolated abduction of little finger, froment’s sign- paper tearing between thumb and forefinger, rudder test- isolated flexion of mcp joint

L5

plexus cervicalis(C1-8) n. phrenicus, n accesorius (XI), plexus lumbalis L1-3

draw eyebrows inferiorly, frowning

Extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor digitorum, extensor digiti minimi, extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor indicis, abductor pollicis longus

hamstring S2

c6-th1, ape hand deformity, flexor digitorum profundus test- isolated flx of distal phalanx of index finger, roll of the thumbs , circle test, clasped hands symptom , impossible opposition and abduction of thumb , Mug/ bottle test

trapezius, iliocostalis cervicis, longissimus capitis, longissimus cervicis, spinalis capitis, cervicis

draw scalp anteriorly, raise eyebrows

protracts and depresses mandible

amount of resistance imposed by examiner, ability to perform movement entirely, presence or absence of muscle twitch

standing on tiptoes, jumping on one foot , supination of toe flexion

draw lower lip down and sideways

subclavicus, thoracic longus, pectorales, dorsalis scapulae, suprascapularis, thoracicodorsalis, subscapularis

Manual muscle testing is a subjective method of assessing muscle strength, Jandas manual muscle test is an analytical method for determining the strength of a muscle or muscle group, Dynamomety combined with EMG increases the precision of muscle strength measurement

opponens pollicis, abductor pollicis brevis, flexor pollicis brevis superficialis

peroneus brevis, peroneus longus , peroneus tertius, abductor digiti minimi, extensor digitorum longus , triceps surae

closes jaw, elevates mandibula

Muscle shortening tends to occur especially in postural muscles involved in flexor reflex mechanisms, There is a change in elasticity due to morphological remodelling, Muscle shortness occurs as a part of the remodelling of dynamic stereotypes

tibialis posterior , peroneus longus, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus, abductor hallucis longus

depresses angle of mouth

quadratus lumborum

triceps C7

QF, L3

gluteus Maximus , gluteus medius, QF, tibialis anterior , gastrocnemius, soleus

musculocutaneus, axilaris, medianus, radialis, ulnaris

rapid changed in walking direction can disrupt Postural stability , sensory feedback plays a key role in maintaining postural stability

S1

glut. med.= 3 pelvic drop, tib.ant.= 4, foot drop when heel Contacts ground, QF= 3, no knee absorption, glut. max.= torso pulled forward, gastroc.= 4, heel doesnt come from ground

L4-S2, foot drop, excessive hip and knee flx, standing on heels , dorsal flexion of foot and toes , flaccid foot arch