in research simply refers to a person, place, thing, or phenomenon that you are trying to measure in some way

are any characteristics that can take on different values, such as height, age, temperature, or test scores.

2 Basic Types of Variables

are those that cause changes in the subject. It is the variable that is systematically manipulated by the researcher.

those that bear or manifest the effects caused by the independent variables.

are those that do not undergo any changes during

In an experiment, to test the effect of SUNLIGHT on plants, other factors that affect plant growth and health, such as soil quality and watering, would need to remain constant

are variables that are not intentionally intended for studying (not included in the study) but affects the results

You are a researcher, and you tested if sleep deprivation would affect the performance of your student’s exam scores. You instructed your student to sleep only for 2 hours and check the next day his performance. You are expecting the student to fail the test, but this student still got 100% score

Affects how the independent variable acts on the dependent variable.

is anything that could influence the dependent variable

influences the dependent variable and correlates with or causally affects the independent variable.

You are a researcher, and you tested if summer season would affect the ice cream sales in you barangay. You found out that summer did not in anyway affected ice cream sales

characteristics of people like intelligence, creativity, anxiety, learning styles, etc

It is a variable that cannot be manipulated

Examples are gender, race, psychological condition, and or any characteristic that is inherent or pre-programmed and cannot be

are quantitative or numeric variable obtained by counting. They are measured as whole units. These are countable in a finite amount.

●For example, you can count the change in your pocket. You can count the money in your bank account, everything —that’s still countable.

Is a variable which we would (literally) take forever to count. In fact, you would get to “forever” and never finish counting them

For example, take age. You can’t count “age”. Why not? Because it would literally take forever. For example, you could be: 25 years, 10 months, 2 days, 5 hours, 4 seconds, 4 milliseconds, 8 nanoseconds, 99 picosends…and so on.

- are those included in the research study to create interactions with the independent and dependent variables

- are those included in the research study to create interactions with the independent and dependent variables

has only two possible results; one or zero

Heads or Tails. Male or Female. Rich or Poor. Democrat or Republican. Pass or Fail. Under age 65

Cannot be directly measured or observed like personality traits. The presence of latent variables, however, can be detected by their effects on variables that are observable. Most constructs in research are latent variables.

can be directly measured or observed to give proofs to latent variables.

Those that characterize or describe the quality of data (also known as qualitative variable). ● It is a variable that isn’t numerical. It describes data that fits into categories.

Eye colors (variables include: blue, green, brown, hazel). 2.States (variables include: Florida, New Jersey, Washington). 3.Dog breeds (variables include: Alaskan Malamute

also known as qualitative variable