(Operating System) acts as an interface between the user and computer hardware

(Hard drives) understands the device controller and provides the rest of the OS with a uniform interface

(OS) have a devicer driver for each controller

General purpose computers run most of their programs from (rewritable memory)

(Read-Only Memory) is implemented in a semiconductor technology called DRAM

Random-Access Memory is implemented in a semiconductor technology called (Read-Only Memory)

Each (byte) has its own address.

All forms of memory provide an array of (gigabytes).

Execution of such a process must (not be sequential)

(Main Memory) is a repository of quickly accessible data shared by the CPU and I/O devices.

Most modern computers use (SSD and Device Drivers) devices as the principal on-line storage media

Since secondary storage is used frequently, it must be used (efficiently)

Information is normally kept in (all) storage systems.

A/An (batch script) is present which takes smiliar jobs having the same requirements and groups them into batches.

Multitasking Operating System is a multiprogramming OS with having a facility of a (Short Term Scheduler)

Each user gets the time of the CPU as they use (multiple) system

(Independet) systems process their own memory unit and CPU

In an interactive system, the approach of asking the users for the names will require a (process scheduler)

Each read and write must return (status information)

CreateProcess(), used to create new process, actually invokes the (shared_memory_attach())

An application programmer designing a program using (PCB) can expect the program to complie and run on any system that supports the same API

Run-Time Environment provides (System Services) that serves as the link to system calls.

A (number) is associated with each system call.

Simplest approach to pass parameters to the operating system is to (pass the parameters in registers)

A (waiting) program needs to be able to halt its execution normally.

The dump is written to a special log file on a disk and may be examined by a (debugger)

In a (GUI System), the command interpreter simply continues with the next command.

In a (Interactive System), a pop-up window alerts the user to the error and ask for guidance

Process (will have to wait) until sufficient resources are available

A process may need several (resources) to execute

A (shell) requires either a tracing facility or regular timer interrupts

Messages can be exhanged between the processes either (directly or indirectly) through a common mailbox.

shared_memory_Create() and (NTCreateProcess()) system calls to create and gain access to regions of memory owned by other processes

(Protection) is a concern only on multi-programmed computer systems

A (system) is passive; A process is active

The (program counter (PC)) indicated the next instruction

The process continues to wait in the (secondary memory) during Waiting State and doesn't require CPU.

Names of the Process States are (standardized), but the general high-level functionality is the same.

Each CPU core can run (one) process at a time.

When a context switch occurs, the (operating system) saves the context of the old process in its Process Control Block

When a (running) process transitions to a waiting state, resources are switched.

CPU Scheduler is responsible for selecting one process from the (Waiting State)

(CPU Scheduler) is responsible for loading the process by the short-term scheduler on the CPU

(Swapping) improves the process mix or because a change in memory requirements have overcommitted available memory.

In addition to the physical and logical resources that a process obtains when it is created, various (initialization data) may be passed along.

For the CPU to process data from disk, those data must first be transferred to (Secondary Memory) by CPU-generated I/O calls.

(Data files) may be numeric, alphabetic, alphanumeric or binary.

Because caches have (unlimited) size, cache management is an important design problem.

For efficiency and protection, users usually (can) control I/O devices directly.

Most Operating Systems treat the (graphical user interface) as a special program that is running when a process is initiated or when a user first logs on.

(System Calls) are generally available as functions written in C and C++

On mouse-based and icon-based systems, a menu of file names is usually displayed in a window. The user can then use the mouse to select the source name, and a window can be opened for the destination name to be specified. This sequence requires (few) I/O system calls.

If an error exists, then the program should output an (error message)

if the program runs into a problem and causes an error trap, a (dump of memory) is sometimes taken and an error message generated.

At every occurrence of the timer interrupt, the value of the program counter is (written).

Some systems also support a (parameter), which is used to store and retrieve configuration information.

The OS has to load executable from (hard disk) to main memory, keep track of the states of each process currently executed.

By switching the (OS) among processes, the operating system can make the computer more productive.

To prevent a CPU from sitting idle, the (CPU Scheduler), which is software that is part of the OS, is responsible for deciding how and when processes will receive the CPU to run thereon.

In a system with a (multiple) CPU cores, only one process can run at a time. Others must wait until CPU’s core is free and can be rescheduled.