caused by the sporelike microbe known as Bacillus anthracis. From the mid-1970s, there were no cases of ____ in the United States until the biologic terrorist attacks using the bacillus that occurred in the fall of 2001.

is a necrotic area of pulmonary parenchyma containing purulent (puslike) material. may be a complication of bacterial pneumonia, bronchial obstruction, aspiration, a foreign body, or the hematogenous spread of organisms to the lungs either in a patient with diffuse bac- teremia or as a result of septic emboli.

spreads mainly by droplets in the air, which are produced in huge numbers by the coughing of an infected patient.

once mycobacteria take up the stain, it is difficult to decolorize mycobacteria by either acid or alcohol, and thus the organisms are often called

has traditionally been considered a disease of children and young adults

refers to dissemination of the dis- ease by way of the bloodstream.

may resolve completely and leave a normal lung.

Reactivation of organisms from previously dormant tubercles

is a sharply circumscribed parenchymal nodule, often containing viable tuberculosis bacilli, that can develop in either primary or secondary disease.

means fungal infection of the lung.

caused by the fungus____, is a common disease that often produces a radiographic appearance simulating that of tuberculosis.

caused by a fungus, ______, which is found in the desert soil of the southwest- ern United States.

_____ has few or no symptoms in most cases. The symptoms emulate those of influenza.

estimated to affect almost all children by age 2 years (data as of 2010).

virus attacks the lower respiratory tract and causes necrosis of the respiratory epithelium of the bronchi and bronchioles,

caused global concern in 2003 as a result of the 8000 cases diagnosed according to criteria of the World Health Organization.

Person-to-person or droplet contact causes upper and lower respiratory infections that begin with a nonproductive cough and progress to hypoxemia.

includes several conditions in which chronic obstruction of the air- ways leads to an ineffective exchange of respiratory gases and makes breathing difficult.

characterized by excessive tracheobronchial mucus production, leading to the obstruction of small airways

leads to severe coughing with the production of sputum. This disease may be a complication of respiratory infection or the result of long-term exposure to air pollution or cigarette smoking.

is a crippling and debilitating condition in which obstructive and destructive changes in small airways (the acini or terminal bronchioles) lead to a dramatic increase in the volume of air in the lungs.

walls between alveoli are destroyed, these tiny air sacs become transformed into large air-filled spaces called?

very common disease in which widespread narrowing of the airways develops because of an increased responsiveness of the tracheobronchial tree to various stimuli (allergens).

bronchial narrowing and difficulty in expiration lead to an increased volume of the hyperlucent lungs with flattening of the hemidiaphragms and an increase in the retrosternal air space.

especially those with a history of repeated episodes of superinfection, thickening of bronchial walls can produce prominence of interstitial markings and the “dirty chest” appearance in radiographs

refers to permanent abnormal dilation of one or more large bronchi as a result of destruction of the elastic and muscular components of the bronchial wall.

is a multisystem granulomatous disease of unknown cause that is most often detected in young adults. Women are affected slightly more often than men

Prolonged occupational exposure to certain irritating particulates can cause severe pulmonary disease

most common and best known work-related lung disease. The inhalation of high concentrations of silicon dioxide (crystalline silica)

may develop in improperly protected workers engaged in manufacturing asbestos products, in handling building materials, or in working with insulation composed of asbestos.

The major complication of asbestosis is ______, a highly malignant pleural tumor

especially those working with anthracite (hard coal), have increased susceptibility to development of pneumoconiosis from inhalation of high concentrations of coal dust.

The deposition of anthracite particles changes the lung tissue to a dark color, leading to the name “black lung.”

IMG APPEARANCE: Mediastinal widening with associated pleural effusions without infiltrate

IMG APPEARANCE: Encapsulated opaque mass with air–fluid level

The ____of the tuberculosis bacillus is injected into the skin, and the injection site is examined 2 or 3 days later.

The ______is not positive during an acute infection or for several weeks thereafter.

The tuberculin skin test does not become positive until_______after infection.

When dealing with a possibly infected patient of tuberculosis, one must consider the______incubation period

IMG APPEARANCE Demonstrates Ghon lesion

IMG APPEARANCE: Thickening of bronchial walls and peribron- chial inflammation can cause parallel or slightly tapered tubular line shadows (“tram lines”) or may appear as thickening of bronchial shadows when viewed end on.

Collapse of the lung

Common allergens are house dust, pollen, molds, animal dander, certain fabrics, and various foods

Exercise, heat or cold exposure, and emotional upset can also cause an asthma attack

IMG APPEARANCE: Bilateral, symmetric hilar lymph node enlargement, with or without diffuse parenchymal disease, enlargement of the right paratracheal nodes occurs, producing the typical 1-2-3 pattern

____the most frequent cause of inhalation silicosis, is the second most common element in the earth’s crust.

IMG APPEARANCE: round or irregular opacities produce a combined linear and nodular pattern that may obscure the heart border, producing the so-called shaggy heart.

Initially, multiple small, irregular opacities produce a ‘reticular pattern’ similar to that of silicosis

3 Treatment for tuberculoma (no spacebar at the end)

_____can develop from an acute infection to chronic or disseminated forms. The infection is transmitted through fungal spores in the air.

is the oxygenation of blood and the removal of the body’s waste products in the form of carbon dioxide.

provides structure for the passage of air into the lower respiratory system.

composed of tubular structures responsible for conducting air from the upper respiratory structures.

smallest unit where gas exchange occurs consists of the?

which in turn branch out into progressively smaller bronchioles to produce a structure termed the?

The tracheobronchial tree is lined with a mucous membrane (the respiratory epithelium) con- taining numerous hairlike projections called?

act as miniature sweepers to prevent dust and foreign particles from reaching the lungs

takes place within the alveoli, extremely thin-walled sacs surrounded by blood capillaries, which represent the true parenchyma of the lung

Oxygen in the inhaled air diffuses from the alveoli into the blood capillaries, where it attaches to hemoglobin molecules in red blood cells and circulates to the various tissues of the body called?

a waste product of cellular metabolism, diffuses in the opposite direction, passing from the blood capillaries into the alveoli and then exiting the body during expiration

A cluster of alveoli is termed the?

is controlled by a center in the medulla at the base of the brain

the muscles of respiration causes the volume of the chest cavity to increase. This decreases the pressure within the lungs and forces air to move into the lungs through the tracheobronchial tree.

is a low-pressure, low-resistance system through which oxygen enters and carbon dioxide exits the circulatory system.

is a part of the high-pressure systemic cir- culation, supplies oxygenated blood to nourish (or support) the lung tissue.

is the inner layer that adheres to the lung

The _____ lines the inner chest wall (the thoracic cavity).

which normally contains only a small amount of fluid to lubricate the surfaces to prevent friction as the lungs expand and contract.

tube tip ideally should be approximately 5 to 7 cm above the carina

flexion and extension of the neck, the tip of the tube will move approximately 2 cm caudally and cranially, respectively.

inserted into the subclavian vein or a more peripheral vein in the upper extremity are extremely useful for measurement of the central venous pressure (CVP)

This catheter has become the long-term venous access device used for home therapy and for patients undergoing chemotherapy

flow-directed ____ consists of a central channel for measuring pulmonary capillary wedge (PCW) pressure and a second, smaller channel connected to an inflatable balloon at the catheter tip.

is the method of choice for maintaining cardiac rhythm in patients with heart block or bradyarrhythmias.

is a hereditary disease characterized by the secretion of excessively viscous mucus by all the exocrine glands; it is caused by a defective gene in the middle of chromosome 7.

Other term for cystic fibrosis?

most common clinically important genetic disorder among white children, 90% of the morbidity and mortality

Modality for cystic fibrosis?

Treatment for cystic fibrosis?

is one of the most common causes of respiratory distress in the newborn.

Hyaline memebrane disease also known as?

primarily in premature infants, especially those who have diabetic mothers or who have been delivered by cesarean section.

consists of a mixture of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates that creates a high surface tension, requiring less force to inflate and maintain the alveoli.

is primarily a viral infection of young children that produces inflammatory obstructive swelling localized to the subglottic portion of the trachea.

Frontal radiographs of the lower neck show a characteristic smooth, fusiform, tapered narrow- ing (hourglass shape) of the subglottic airway caused by the edema

Treatment for croup?

most commonly caused by Haemophilus influenzae in children, cause thickening of epiglottic tissue and the surrounding pharyngeal structures.

lateral projections of the neck using soft tissue techniques, a rounded thickening of the ___ shadow gives it the configuration and approximate size of an adult’s thumb

an inflammation of the lung that can be caused by a variety of organisms, most commonly bacteria and viruses.

exemplified by pneumo- coccal pneumonia, is produced by an organism that cause an inflammatory exudate that replaces air in the alveoli so that the affected part of the lung is no longer air containing but rather appears solid, or radiopaque

typified by staphylococcal infection, is primarily an inflammation that originates in the bronchi or the bronchiolar mucosa and spreads to adjacent alveoli.

most commonly produced by viral and mycoplasmal infections. In this type of pneumonia, the inflammatory process predominantly involves the walls and lining of the alveoli and the interstitial supporting structures of the lung, the alveoli septa.

When seen on end, the thickened interstitium may appear as multi- ple small nodular densities. Left untreated, ___ may cause “honeycomb lung,” which is demonstrated on CT as cystlike spaces and dense fibrotic walls

The aspiration of esophageal or gastric contents into the lung can lead to the development of pneumonia. Aspiration of esophageal material can occur in patients with esophageal obstruction

Treatment for aspiration pneumonia?

Treatment for hyaline membrane disease ______ that pump air (often with high concentrations of oxygen) into the lungs through an endotracheal tube.

treatment for all types of pneumonias (4)

On a frontal radiograph, the tip of the pacemaker should be positioned at the apex of the?

A _____ projection is required to show that the tip of the pacemaker is directly posterior in the coronary sinus, rather than in its proper position anterior in the right ventricle.

Correct Placement of Endotracheal tube tip of tube