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1
The oesophagus is ________ to the trachea
Posterior
2
A negative feedback system produces which of the following effects?
Reverses a change in a controlled condition
3
In the ABO blood grouping classification, a person with blood group AB (antigen AB present on erythrocyte) has which antibodies present within their boood?
None
4
The heart is _______ to the liver
Superior
5
Which of the following is Boyle’s law?
The pressure of a gas in a closed container is inversely proportional to the volume of the container
6
Which of the following vitamins plays a key role in the synthesis of clotting factors?
K
7
Deoxygenated blood passes into the lungs via which of the following?
The pulmonary arteries
8
High compliance of the lungs means that:
The lungs and chest wall expand easily
9
Which of the following does NOT have an effect on cardiac stroke volume?
Mid-load
10
Surfactant does which of the following?
Lowers surface tension of alveolar fluid
11
The fluid within cells is called:
Intracellular fluid
12
Which of the following conditions will decrease the heart rate?
hypothermia
13
The pneumotaxic area and apneustic area of the respiratory centre are located in which part of the brain?
The pons
14
Which of the following statements about red blood cells is incorrect?
They destroy bacteria by Phagocytosis
15
On an atomic level electrons are
Negatively charged subatomic particles
16
A platelet is also known as a
Thrombocyte
17
Which of the below membranes covers the surface of the lungs?
Visceral pleura
18
The average adult stroke volume is
70 mL
19
Plasma constitutes what percentage of whole blood?
55%
20
Which of the following statements describes the frank Starling law of the heart?
A greater preload on cardiac muscle fibres prior to contraction increases the force of contraction
21
Mitochondria are
All of the above
22
What mechanism stops the body from inhaling too far and overexpanding the lungs?
Hering-Breuer reflex
23
Stimulation of this nerve reduces heart rate
Vagus nerve
24
Which of the following is a neurotransmitter?
All of the above
25
First month of life is called
The neonatal period
26
Which of the following is a function of the skin?
All of the above
27
An infant is defined as below what age?
One year
28
What is cardioversion?
The use of a synchronised direct current electric shock to convert tachyarrhythmias to normal sinus rhythm
29
This tissue forms the most superficial layer of the skin
Stratified squamous epithelial
30
Which physiological process does not involve a negative feedback loop in the human body
Breastmilk lactation
31
Characteristics of an increased work of breathing in a child includes
All of the above
32
Which part of the brain is responsible for the bodies temperature regulation?
Hypothalamus
33
The pressure in the aorta against which the left ventricle must pump blood is known as
After load
34
Action potentials are initiated by an influx of which ion into a cell
Sodium
35
The title volume that does not reach the alveoli and therefore does not participate in gas exchange is called
Anatomical dead space
36
Which of the following is not considered a form of distributive shock?
Cardiogenic
37
Cardiogenic shock may occur secondary to
All of the above
38
Any rhythm that results in a ventricular rate greater than _____ beats per minute is considered tachycardia
100
39
This directional term is the opposite of deep
Superficial
40
As compared to adults, the infants tongue is
Proportionally larger than adults while the airway is shorter and narrower
41
The amount of air inspired or expired in a normal inhalation or acceleration called ______ and has a volume of about _____ millilitres
tidal volume, 500
42
Vasoconstriction of the arteries causes which of the following effects
The diameter of the lumen Decreases
43
The function of this cranial nerve is the movement of the tongue during speech and swallowing
Hypoglossal (XII)
44
Which of the following is not a function of the nasal cavity?
Provides exchange site for oxygen and carbon dioxide
45
In a feedback system, a receptor is defined as
A body structure that monitors changes in a control condition and send input to a control centre
46
Simple epithelium can be defined as which of the following
A single layer of cells functions in diffusion, osmosis, filtration, secretion, or absorption
47
Approximately 98.5% of the oxygen transported in the blood is transported
Attached to the haem in haemoglobin of red blood cells
48
Which one among the following describes the function of the cell membrane or plasma membrane?
All of the above are the functions of the cell membrane
49
Blood cells form and develop In the
Bone marrow
50
The left and right lungs and humans do not contain the same number of lobes. The right lung contains ____ lobes while the left lung contains ____ lobes because _____
Three, two, the heart takes up space on the left side
51
When the required amount of water and solute are present and distributed appropriately throughout the body compartments, it can be said that the body is in
Fluid balance
52
The space between the two lungs that houses the heart, trachea, oesophagus, and associated structures is called the
Mediastinum
53
Which of these organelles function as an intracellular digestive system and contain enzymes?
Lysosomes
54
Where in the body would you find an axon and dendrites?
Nerve cell
55
Acids have a pH less than
Seven
56
The muscles that are most active enforced expiration are the
Internal intercostals
57
In premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome, ______ is not produced in adequate quantities during faithful development and respiratory support may be required
Surfactant
58
Which connective tissue attaches muscles to bone?
Tendon
59
Where in the body are proprioceptors located?
Joints and muscles
60
The term permeable in relation to a cell membrane means which of the following?
The structure permits passage of substances through it
61
The Circle of Willis is located in which cavity
The cranium
62
Compared with the walls of arteries, the walls of capillaries
Are thinner
63
Which of the following is involuntary?
Both the enteric and the autonomic nervous systems
64
A process that utilises a positive feedback loop would be
The clotting process
65
An excessive buildup of bilirubin in the body is called
Jaundice
66
Which of the following accounts were the greatest daily water gain?
Ingested liquids
67
Which of the Following accounts for the least daily water loss (aside from illness)
GI tract
68
Which of the following cells is active in phagocytosis?
Neutrophils
69
Renin is secreted from which organ?
Kidneys
70
What is another name for the windpipe?
Trachea
71
Which of the following is a function of the cerebellum?
Movement and coordination
72
Which blood cells are most numerous in the body?
Red
73
The plasma protein known as _____ is responsible for maintaining the osmotic pressure of the blood
Albumin
74
Which of the following is not a function of the hypothalamus?
Hearing and balance
75
A solution with a pH value greater than seven would be
An Alkaline
76
Which of the following statements about red blood cells is incorrect?
can either be granular or agranular
77
When an infection occurs the number of
White blood cells increases
78
Which pulse site is located in the groin?
Femoral
79
The pituitary gland is located in which cavity
Cranium
80
Which of the following hormones stimulates the production of red blood cells?
Erythropoietin
81
Organs that lie outside the abdominal cavity such as the duodenum pancreas, urinary bladder and rectum are
Retroperitoneal
82
There are _____ pairs of spinal nerves overall
31
83
If a person consumes 2000 mL of water in a day and loses 2300 mL of water in the same day the net effect is
Dehydration
84
The surface area of the stomach is increased by
Gastric rugae
85
The muscular contractions which move material through the digestive system are called
Peristalsis
86
A major secretion of the oesophagus is
Mucous
87
The oesophagus passes through an opening in the diaphragm called the
Hiatus
88
The brachial plexus supplies the nerves that function to contract which of the following?
Muscles of the arm and forearm
89
What is the number of joules required to defibrillate a child patient weighing 20 kg with the formula of 4j/kg?
80 J
90
Which of the following is not a function of the digestive system?
Transmission
91
Contractions that mixed material in the small intestine are called
Segmental contractions
92
Which portion of the small intestine connects with the large intestine?
Ilium
93
The pulmonary circulation
Carries blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and back to the left atrium
94
The fundus part of the stomach is primarily used for
Storage
95
The maxilla is _____ to the mandible
Superior
96
Which of the following is not one of the four regions into which the spinal cord is divided?
Coccygeal
97
Which of the following cranial nerves carries sensation from the digestive tract to the CNS?
Vagus
98
Blood going to the lungs through the pulmonary arteries contains a high concentration of ______ and a low concentration of ______
Carbon dioxide, oxygen
99
The knee-jerk reflex involves which of the following?
Sensory and motor neurons
100
Pancreatic digestive juice is secreted into the
Duodenum