This is when dance has been a major form of religious ritual and social expression. It was use for the following: • expressing and reinforcing tribal unity and strength • as an approach for courtship and mating • means of worship • communication • therapeutic experience

During this era, real knowledge of dance came about within the great Mediterranean and Middle Eastern civilizations. It became full-blown and was richly recorded in ancient Egypt, which was reflected in their wall paintings, reliefs, and in the literary record in hieroglyphs. Dance was closely linked with other kinds of experiences such as aid to military education, and entertainment and display.

Who thought highly of dance, that it was closely linked with other kinds of experiences. It was thought of as an aid to military education among boys in Athens and Sparta. It was also a form of entertainment and display? Philosophers support dancing as an art because it integrates the body and soul of the person, that’s why it was also used in education.

This era gave less importance to dancing as the nation grew wealthy and powerful. It was used for gruesome purposes, where the entertainers are slaves and captives from many nationalities.

Dance was condemned by the Church because it became an integral part of corruption during the later days of the Roman Empire.

This is when theatrical entertainment was prohibited and only during worship, church services, and religious ceremonies was a dance performed. Even though dance as entertainment had been banned there are still those who continue to perform during the Dark and early Middle Ages.

This is when the shackles were loosened, and religious ideas and purposes no longer dominate all creative expressions of the human spirit.

This come from all over the world and include folk, cultural, and historical dances, and social dances from the past and present. The styles, performance, and music are related to the cultural roots, historical eras, and geographic areas from which the dance originates

It is a form of movement that always has a purpose –communicate a story, emotion, or theme, celebrate events or rituals, entertainment or recreation, physical training, expression, etc.

These are fundamental concepts and vocabulary that help students develop movement skills and understanding as an artistic practice.

Primary elements of dance according to Loring and Pentz (2021)

Four aspects of space

It is the area the performers occupy and where they move.

Dance movements can travel in any direction (forwards, backward, side, diagonal, circular, and so on)

Movements can be varied by doing larger or smaller action

Movements can be done in a high, medium, or low level

Performers may change their focus by looking at different direction

The movements in this may be executed in varying tempo (speed). Performers move with the tempo of an underlying sound, known as beat or pulse. The timing can be varied by moving faster or slower than the normal beat

Movements are propelled by ______ or ______. Dance uses different energies and a varied use of these minimizes the monotony of the movements in a performance.

Six qualities of dance energies

smooth, continuous, and with flow and control

explosive or sharp

trembling and shaking

trace a curved line or an arc in space

perched in space or hanging on air

released in tension and gradually or abruptly giving in to gravity, letting the body descend to the floor

This refers to how the entire body is molded in space or the configuration of body parts. The body can be rounded, angular, or a combination of two. Other body shapes can be from wide to narrow and from high to low. They can by symmetrical or asymmetrical.

It is any human movement included in the act of dancing.

This part of the dance may come in a form of shape, a pose, or an entrance.

This part of a dance consists of a development or the exploration of the main idea.

This part of a dance should be clear and may be in a form of shape, pose, or an exit.

This is the instrument by which ideas and elements are arranged or combined into a logical sequence which results in unity and consistency, and by means of which the content or idea can be expressed and communicated.

The form should progress through time from the beginning to the end of the choreography. Each section is composed of several units that are smoothly connected to each other, and these small units are called _____.

A combination of movements

A single phrase consists of how many counts

Smallest unit of form in the whole dance.

A good dance contains ______________ to be able to convey its meaning or intention to the audience.

3 Specific benifits of dance

These are the indigenous actions of any specific “folk” or the common people. They are traditional customary or recreational dance forms of a given country which have evolved naturally and were handed down across generations.

According to Duggan, Schlottmann, and Rutledge (1948), “this became the overt expression of emotions and ideas which were peculiarly significant or the reenactment of customs and events consisting an important part of their history and patterns of daily living.”

According to these people in 1948, “folk dance became the overt expression of emotions and ideas which were peculiarly significant or the reenactment of customs and events consisting an important part of their history and patterns of daily living.”

a traditional mode of expression that employs bodily movement of redundant patterns linked definitive features of rhythmic beats of music.

He defined Philippine folk dance as “a traditional mode of expression that employs bodily movement of redundant patterns linked definitive features of rhythmic beats of music."

These are those performed in primitive tribes and have retained their kinship with religious ritual and community custom. These dances may require a certain level of special performing skills that are symbolic in meaning, making it harder for those outside the group to understand.

3 categories of ethnic dances

These are dances that depict ritual ceremonies. Examples are Dugso from Bukidnon and Pagdidiwata from Palawan.

These are dances relaying to the cycle of human life such as birthing, courtship, wedding, and funerals. Examples of which are Binasuan from Pangasinan and Daling-Daling a Muslim courtship dance from Sulu

These are dances that exhibit work and occupation of the dancers. Examples are Mag-Asik from Cotabato and Mananagat from Cebu

Three major regional classifications of Philippines folk dances

9 categories of Philippine folk dances

These serve as rituals as one passes to a different stage in life such as from birth to childhood to adulthood; from singlehood to marriage; and from life to death. Courtship dances, wedding dances, and funeral dances are the different dances that portray life cycle.

These are either religious or secular and are connected with the celebration of recurring events if special significance

These predict the means of livelihood of the Filipino people. One example is Palay festival wherein dancers portray different steps in rice growing

These are performed as part of the rituals and ceremonies of a certain tribe or group of people.

These are derived from local folk games. One example is the Pukol dance, from Aklan and Capiz, which means to strike or bump each other.

These include jokes or tricks played by a dancer on another or a group of dancers who is one of them. The intention is to render that individual to a physical or mental indignity or discomfort. One example is the Pandanggo sa Sambalilo from the Tagalog regions wherein a girl teases her male partner by playing with his hat then pushes him when he is about to succeed in getting back and putting on his hat from the floor

These mimic animals, inanimate objects, or other people. One example is the Itik-Itik dance from Surigao as it imitates the movements of a duck

These express feud and enmity wherein two male dancers engage in physical combat with Spartan-like intensity. Maglalatik from Biñan, Laguna, is an example of a war dance as this depicts a battle between Muslims of southern Philippines and the Christian Filipinos of the lowlands over latik, the residue after coconut boils down

These express social graces, hospitality, and offerings of gifts to friends. All social ballroom dances and most of the “Filipinized” Western dances that show camaraderie merriment belong to this group. Examples are Minuete Yano from Iriga, Camarines Sur, Alay from Tagalog regions, and Habanera Botoleña from Botolan, Zambales

She is the first National Artist for Dance and the Mother of Philippine Folk Dance. She is acknowledged as the pioneer of folk dancing in the Philippines.

Aquino's thesis title in 1926

Group founded by Francisca Reyes-Aquino in 1934

Former name of UP Filipiniana Dance Group

What year did Francisca Reyes-Aquino received the Republic Award of Merit given by the late President Ramon Magsaysay for “outstanding contribution towards the advancement of Filipino culture”?