The bill is filed with the Bills and Index Service and the same is numbered and reproduced. Three days after the filing, the same is included in the Order of Business for First Reading. On First Reading, the Secretary General reads the title and number of the bill. The Speaker then refers the bill to the appropriate committee/s.

No person shall be imprisoned for debt or non-payment of a poll tax.

1. The privacy of communication and correspondence shall be inviolable except upon lawful order of the court, or when public safety or order requires otherwise, as prescribed by law. 2. Any evidence obtained in violation of this or the preceding Section shall be inadmissible for any purpose in any proceeding.

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures of whatever nature and for any purpose shall be inviolable, and no search warrant or warrant of arrest shall issue except upon probable cause to be determined personally by the judge after examination under oath or affirmation of the complainant and the witnesses he may produce, and particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized.

Powers of the President

is a kind of deliberative assembly with the power to pass, amend, and repeal laws. The law created by a legislature is called legislation or statutory law. In addition to enacting laws, legislatures usually have exclusive authority to raise or lower taxes and adopt the budget and other money bills. Legislatures are known by many names, the most common being parliament and congress, although these terms also have more specific meanings.

1. No person shall be detained solely by reason of his political beliefs and aspirations. 2. No involuntary servitude in any form shall exist except as a punishment for a crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted.

The Committee Report is registered and numbered by the Bills and Index Service. It will be included in the Order of Business and referred to the Committee on Rules, which then schedules the bill for consideration on Second Reading. Committee Reports are prepared by the secretary of the Committee and duly approved by the Chairman, Vice-Chairmen and members of the Committee. On Second Reading, the Secretary General reads the number, title and text of the bill in the plenary session. The period of sponsorship and debate and/or amendments may take place. Voting may be through viva voce (verbal “aye” and “no” vote), counted by tellers, division of the House, or nominal voting.

a country's legal environment must be conducive to development. A government must be able to regulate itself via laws, regulations and policies, which encompass well-defined rights and duties, mechanisms for their enforcement, and impartial settlement of disputes. Predictability is about the fair and consistent application of these laws and implementation of government policies.

Each department of the government has exclusive cognizance of the matters within its jurisdiction, and is supreme within its own sphere. But it does not follow from the fact that the three powers are to be kept separate and distinct that the Constitution intended them to be absolutely unrestrained and independent of each other.

No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, nor shall any person be denied the equal protection of the laws.

No person shall be compelled to be a witness against himself.

REQUISITES OF JUDICIAL REVIEW

dministrative powers are transfered by the national government to its departments, bureaus, offices, and even to some government owned and controlled corporations.

includes the duty of the courts of justice to settle actual controversies involving rights which are legally demandable and enforceable.

Public officials must be answerable for government behavior, and responsive to the entity from which their authority is derived.

Neither shall death penalty be imposed, unless, for compelling reasons involving heinous crimes, the Congress hereafter provides for it. Any death penalty already imposed shall be reduced to reclusion perpetua.

Private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation

Power of Appropriation Congress has the spending power

No law impairing the obligation of contracts shall be passed.

The Committee to which the bill was referred is tasked to evaluate and determine the necessity of conducting public hearings. If public hearings are necessary, it schedules the time thereof, issues public notices, and invites resource persons for the proposed legislation. If there is no need to conduct public hearings, the bill is scheduled for Committee discussions. Based on the results of the public hearings or Committee Discussions, the Committee may introduce amendments, consolidate bills on the same subject matter, or propose a substitute bill. It then prepares a corresponding Committee Report. The Committee approves the Committee Report before its formal transmission to the Plenary Affairs Bureau.

. Any person under investigation for the commission of an offense shall have the right to be informed of his right to remain silent and to have competent and independent counsel preferably of his own choice. If the person cannot afford the services of counsel, he must be provided with one. These rights cannot be waived except in writing and in the presence of counsel. 2. No torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation, or any other means which vitiate the free will shall be used against him. Secret detention places, solitary, incommunicado, or other similar forms of detention are prohibited. 3. Any confession or admission obtained in violation of this or Sec. 17 hereof shall be inadmissible in evidence against him. 4. The law shall provide for penal and civil sanctions for violations of this section as well as compensation to the rehabilitation of victims of torture or similar practices, and their families.

t is the power conferred by the Constitution to propose, enact, amend and repeal laws.

No law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. The free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without discrimination or preference, shall forever be allowed. No religious test shall be required for the exercise of civil or political rights.

The amendments, if any are engrossed or collated and printed copies are reproduced. The engrossed bill is included in the Calendar of Bills for Third Reading. Copies of the same are distributed to the House Members three days before its Third Reading. On Third Reading, the Secretary General reads only the number and title of the bill. A roll call or nominal voting is called. A Member is given three minutes to explain his/her vote if he/she desires. Amendment of the bill is not allowed at this stage. The bill is approved if majority of the House Members show an affirmative vote. If the bill is disapproved, it is transmitted to the archives.

The liberty of abode and of changing the same within the limits prescribed by law shall not be impaired except upon lawful order of the court. Neither shall the right to travel be impaired except in the interest of national security, public safety, or public health, as may be provided by law.

Tanod bayan

All persons shall have the right to a speedy disposition of their cases before all judicial, quasi-judicial, or administrative bodies.

political powers are transfered by the national government to the local government units.

dministrative powers are transfered by the national government to its departments, bureaus, offices, and even to some government owned and controlled corporations.

. Free access to the courts and quasi-judicial bodies and adequate legal assistance shall not be denied to any person by reason of poverty.

1. No person shall be held to answer for a criminal offense without due process of law. 2. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall be presumed innocent until the contrary is proved, and shall enjoy the right to be heard by himself and counsel, to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation against him, to have a speedy, impartial, and public trial, to meet the witnesses face to face, and to have compulsory process to secure the attendance of witnesses and the production of evidence in his behalf. However, after arraignment, trial may proceed notwithstanding the absence of the accused: Provided, that he has been duly notified and his failure to appear is unjustifiable.

No person shall be twice put in jeopardy of punishment for the same offense. If an act is punished by a law and an ordinance, conviction or acquittal under either shall constitute a bar to another prosecution for the same act.

The right of the people to information on matters of public concern shall be recognized. Access to official records, and to documents and papers pertaining to official acts, transactions, or decisions, as well as to government research data used as basis for policy development, shall be afforded the citizen, subject to such limitations as may be provided by law

Except in cases of impeachment, or as otherwise provided in this Constitution, the President may grant reprieves, commutations, and pardons, and remit fines and forfeitures, after conviction by final judgment.

one department is given certain powers by which it may definitely restrain the others from exceeding constitutional authority. It may object or resist any encroachment upon its authority, or it may question, if necessary any act or acts which unlawfully interferes with its sphere of jurisdiction and authority.

refers to the availability of information to the general public and clarity about government rules, regulations, and decisions. It can be strengthened through the citizen’s right to information with a degree of legal enforceability. Transparency in government decision-making and public policy implementation reduces uncertainty and can help inhibit corruption among public officials.

No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, of expression, or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and petition the government for redress of grievances.

refers to the involvement of citizens in the development process. Beneficiaries and groups affected by the project need to participate so that the government can make informed choices with respect to their needs, and social groups can protect their rights

The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended except in cases of invasion or rebellion, when the public safety requires it.

The right of the people, including those employed in the public and private sectors, to form unions, associations, or societies for purposes not contrary to law shall not be abridged.

Power to determine whether or not there has been a grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction on the part of any branch or instrumentality of the Government.

Power of Legislative Investigation

All persons, except those charged with offenses punishable by reclusion perpetua when evidence of guilt is strong, shall, before conviction, be bailable by sufficient sureties, or be released on recognizance as may be provided by law. The right to bail shall not be impaired even when the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus is suspended. Excessive bail shall not be required.

No ex post facto law or bill of attainder shall be enacted