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• Workers who typically perform manual labor, such as in factories or construction. They are often paid hourly wages.

• Workers in professional, managerial, or administrative roles. They generally work in offices and are often salaried.

• A social reformer and founder of Hull House in Chicago. She was a leader in the settlement house movement, advocating for social justice, and worked to improve the lives of immigrants and the poor.

• A powerful political figure in New York City during the 19th century. He was the leader of the Tammany Hall political machine and was known for corruption, manipulating politics and city funds for personal gain.

• An American author best known for writing Little Women, a novel reflecting the lives of four sisters in post-Civil War America. Her works often dealt with themes of family, women's rights, and personal growth.

A famous American author and humorist, known for works like The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. He used satire to critique social issues, including slavery, racism, and the American class system.

• A showman and founder of the circus known as “Barnum & Bailey Circus.” He was known for promoting sensational acts and establishing the modern American circus.

• The 21st President of the United States (1881-1885). He is known for his advocacy of civil service reform, including the Pendleton Act, which established the merit system for federal employment.

• The 25th President of the United States (1897-1901). He led the country during the Spanish-American War and favored protective tariffs and economic policies that supported business interests.

• A practice where political leaders appoint supporters and loyalists to government positions, often regardless of qualifications, as a reward for political support.

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• A local political leader in the urban machine politics system, who controlled political power in a specific district or ward. Ward bosses often dispensed favors and patronage in exchange for votes.

• Community centers, often located in poor urban areas, that provided services such as education, healthcare, and job training. They were often run by social reformers like Jane Addams.

• Crowded, unsafe, and often poorly built apartment buildings in cities where many immigrants and working-class people lived. Tenement conditions were often substandard, with inadequate plumbing and sanitation.

• A law passed in 1883 that established the Civil Service Commission, which required that federal government jobs be awarded based on merit rather than political affiliation. It was a response to the abuses of the Spoils System.

• A high protective tariff passed in 1890 under President William McKinley. It aimed to protect American industries by raising import duties on foreign goods.

the development of the classical music symphony, ballet as a refined art form, formalized theater experiences with opera houses.

better economic opportunities, escaping political or religious persecution, or fleeing difficult conditions such as famine, war, or poverty in their home countries.

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• Problems included overcrowding, poor sanitation, crime, lack of adequate housing, and limited access to healthcare and education. Many cities lacked the infrastructure to support rapidly growing populations.

• Immigrants and minorities faced discrimination, limited job opportunities, and poor living conditions. African Americans, in particular, faced segregation, disenfranchisement, and violence in the South due to Jim Crow laws.