measures electrical resistance, magnetism, temperature or light absorption with tip positioned extremely close to the sample

scans the sample while measuring the property of interest

they do not use lenses, so the size of the probe rather the diffraction limits their resolution

developed by Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer at IBM

It brings the tip very close to the surface, applies an electric voltage to the tip or sample. It send electrons that is an electric current through the sample and measures the electrical resistance

Disadvantage: requires conducting surface, like a metal layer

behave like wave manner, it has the ability to pass through energy barrier

In STM, the ______ of the microscope is capable of generating a voltage that creates a current differential that depends on the distance of the tip from the sample.

the relationship of the voltage and the current is ___________

invented by Gerd Binnig, Calvin Quate and Christof Gerber.

uses sharp probe that moves over the surface of the sample, that bends in response to the force between the tip and the sample

Vander waal’s forces, electrostatic forces, magnetic forces and the other forces which arise due to the physical interaction between the surface atoms, cause the cantilever tip to deflect.

detects the presence of virus using AFM.

It is coated with antibodies specific for the virus of interest

- use LASER. - REPULSION & ATTRACTION between the sample and tip of AFM.

several different Ab are applied to separate regions of the chip, allowing multiple viruses to be monitored simultaneously

-BETWEEN the tip and the sample is very short, the laser is REPELLED. RESOLUTION = HIGH - DAMAGE of SAMPLE because of the high resolution of the laser.

-VERY LARGE distance *CENTIMETER = ATTRACTED *LOW RESOLUTION – it will not be damaged but the data will not be accurate.

- INTERMEDIATE distance *OSCILLATES – light will be FLACTUATED or WAVE and get accurate data

- particles of SUBMICRON SCALE. 5nm size is usually SPHERICAL but RODS. - magnetic behavior or FLUORESCENCE.

_____ functional layer has somehow magnetic behaviour (fuorescence)

nanoparticle ______ layer makes it biocompatible.*

chemicals can be added to allow attachment of biological molecules

protective layer against oxidation

to allow coupling of phosphonates ar amines ti the exterior of the nanorod*

nanoparticles are attached to the _______ + _______in eukaryotic cells

nanoparticles can also be TARGETED to specific tissue by ADDING appropriate ANTIBIOTICS or RECEPTORS

large polymer of DNA can be COMPACTED to form 50 to 200 with _______ charged molecules

convert light to heat it’s also made up of gold. - must be made with BIOCOMPATIBLE MATERIALS

use to treat CANCER CELLS

Achieved by using hallow nanoparticles to carry the reagent.

Nanoparticles may target specific tumor by adding specific _______ or reactive groups to the outside of nanoparticles that will target and recognize proteins that are solely or predominantly displayed on the surface of cancer cells*

It can be resolved by designing a nanoparticle that has slow release of the rgt or by inserting the rgt inside the nanoparticle.

Use of nanoparticle with ________ to localized heating or metal nanoshell**

once exposed to cadmium chloride ad sodium sulfide can ppt these elements to 2-5 nm size range

that lives in metal-contaminated areas & fungus Verticillium can also generate silver nanocrystals.

a technique that allows the selection of peptides that bind any chosen target molecule.

- cylinders that are made of pure carbon with a diameter of 1 to 50nm, with approx. 10nm long - can be attached to other biomolecules such as enzymes,

- can be formed by stacking large numbers of nanotubes together - kills bacteria - walls made of 5 bilayers of lipids* - the ability to change color-

Application: Biosensors & protection against bacterial contamination

- CONNECTOR for transportation of electrons - have NANODIAMETERS but may be several microns long.

Application: future application is clinical testing and sensors for monitoring food, water, and air for public health and/or biodefense.

The objective of ________ is to use DNA as a structural element rather than to manipulate genetic info

are complexed in parallel orientation to yield the lattice structure

can seal the nicks left on the lattice

has a gold nanoparticle (Au) attached to one end and a fluorescent dye (F) at the other end

has one tag of biotin (B) at the end that is bound by streptavidin thereby binding the strand to one agarose bead.

When the gold absorbs energy, it melts down the ____, released in the supernatant and its fluorescence is monitored.

are already in use for biological labeling and various other analytical purposes and are being developed for clinical use.

Many techniques from ________ are now being applied to biological systems.

light will be FLACTUATED or WAVE and get accurate data