Vander waal’s forces, electrostatic forces, magnetic forces and the other forces which arise due to the physical interaction between the surface atoms, cause the cantilever tip to deflect.

Use of nanoparticle with ________ to localized heating or metal nanoshell**

nanoparticles can also be TARGETED to specific tissue by ADDING appropriate ANTIBIOTICS or RECEPTORS

Nanoparticles may target specific tumor by adding specific _______ or reactive groups to the outside of nanoparticles that will target and recognize proteins that are solely or predominantly displayed on the surface of cancer cells*

scans the sample while measuring the property of interest

- CONNECTOR for transportation of electrons - have NANODIAMETERS but may be several microns long.

uses sharp probe that moves over the surface of the sample, that bends in response to the force between the tip and the sample

developed by Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer at IBM

measures electrical resistance, magnetism, temperature or light absorption with tip positioned extremely close to the sample

behave like wave manner, it has the ability to pass through energy barrier

-VERY LARGE distance *CENTIMETER = ATTRACTED *LOW RESOLUTION – it will not be damaged but the data will not be accurate.

It brings the tip very close to the surface, applies an electric voltage to the tip or sample. It send electrons that is an electric current through the sample and measures the electrical resistance

_____ functional layer has somehow magnetic behaviour (fuorescence)

invented by Gerd Binnig, Calvin Quate and Christof Gerber.

a technique that allows the selection of peptides that bind any chosen target molecule.

has one tag of biotin (B) at the end that is bound by streptavidin thereby binding the strand to one agarose bead.

- can be formed by stacking large numbers of nanotubes together - kills bacteria - walls made of 5 bilayers of lipids* - the ability to change color-

Application: Biosensors & protection against bacterial contamination

Achieved by using hallow nanoparticles to carry the reagent.

- use LASER. - REPULSION & ATTRACTION between the sample and tip of AFM.

once exposed to cadmium chloride ad sodium sulfide can ppt these elements to 2-5 nm size range

Application: future application is clinical testing and sensors for monitoring food, water, and air for public health and/or biodefense.

to allow coupling of phosphonates ar amines ti the exterior of the nanorod*

When the gold absorbs energy, it melts down the ____, released in the supernatant and its fluorescence is monitored.

are complexed in parallel orientation to yield the lattice structure

nanoparticle ______ layer makes it biocompatible.*

The objective of ________ is to use DNA as a structural element rather than to manipulate genetic info

can seal the nicks left on the lattice

several different Ab are applied to separate regions of the chip, allowing multiple viruses to be monitored simultaneously

they do not use lenses, so the size of the probe rather the diffraction limits their resolution

- particles of SUBMICRON SCALE. 5nm size is usually SPHERICAL but RODS. - magnetic behavior or FLUORESCENCE.

use to treat CANCER CELLS

are already in use for biological labeling and various other analytical purposes and are being developed for clinical use.

light will be FLACTUATED or WAVE and get accurate data

It is coated with antibodies specific for the virus of interest

large polymer of DNA can be COMPACTED to form 50 to 200 with _______ charged molecules

- cylinders that are made of pure carbon with a diameter of 1 to 50nm, with approx. 10nm long - can be attached to other biomolecules such as enzymes,

chemicals can be added to allow attachment of biological molecules

the relationship of the voltage and the current is ___________

- INTERMEDIATE distance *OSCILLATES – light will be FLACTUATED or WAVE and get accurate data

detects the presence of virus using AFM.

that lives in metal-contaminated areas & fungus Verticillium can also generate silver nanocrystals.

convert light to heat it’s also made up of gold. - must be made with BIOCOMPATIBLE MATERIALS

Many techniques from ________ are now being applied to biological systems.

In STM, the ______ of the microscope is capable of generating a voltage that creates a current differential that depends on the distance of the tip from the sample.

protective layer against oxidation

has a gold nanoparticle (Au) attached to one end and a fluorescent dye (F) at the other end

Disadvantage: requires conducting surface, like a metal layer

nanoparticles are attached to the _______ + _______in eukaryotic cells

It can be resolved by designing a nanoparticle that has slow release of the rgt or by inserting the rgt inside the nanoparticle.

-BETWEEN the tip and the sample is very short, the laser is REPELLED. RESOLUTION = HIGH - DAMAGE of SAMPLE because of the high resolution of the laser.