The major function of RESPIRATORY SYSTEM is _______

movement of air from the atmosphere into the lungs and out of the lungs

exchange of gases between the alveoli and the blood

exchange of gases between the blood and the tissues

➢ Provides oxygen for metabolism in the tissues ➢ Removes carbon dioxide, the waste product of metabolism

1. Facilitates sense of smell 2. Produces speech 3. Maintains acid-base balance 4. Maintains body water levels 5. Maintains heat balance

UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT

LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT

Humidifies, warms, and filtered inspired air

Air-filled cavities within the hollow bones that surround nasal passages and provide resonance during speech

Passageway for the respiratory and digestive tracts located behind the oral and nasal cavities

PHARYNX DIVIDED INTO 3:

➢ Located above the trachea, just below the pharynx at the root of the tongue ➢ commonly called the voice box ➢ Contains two pairs of vocal cords, the false and true cords.

➢ plays an important role in coughing ➢ most fundamental defense mechanism of the lungs

➢ Leaf-shaped elastic structure attached along one end to the top of the larynx ➢ projects superior to glottis; forms lid over it ➢ Swallowing—larynx elevates; epiglottis folds back over glottis; blocks entry into respiratory tract ➢ Prevents food from entering the tracheobronchial tree by closing over the glottis during swallowing

- Located in front of the esophagus; - branches into the right and left mainstem bronchi at the carina • Called windpipe • Made up of 15-20 C-shaped • 10-11 inches • Lined with pseudostratified ciliated epithelium

Begin at the carina

Slightly wider, shorter, and more vertical than the other bronchus.

THE BRONCHI ARE LINE WITH ______ - propel mucus up and away from the lower airway to the trachea, where it can be expectorated or swallowed

- Branch from the secondary bronchi and subdivide into the small terminal and respiratory bronchioles - contain no cartilage and depend on the elastic recoil of the lung for patency.

- contain no cilia - do not participate in gas exchange

a term used to indicate all structures distal to the terminal bronchiole.

branch from the respiratory bronchioles.

• arise from the ducts • contain clusters of alveoli - basic units of gas exchange

• walls of the alveoli • secrete surfactant • Without surfactant, the alveoli would collapse • A phospholipid protein that reduces the surface tension in the alveoli

without ________, the alveoli would collapse

- In the lungs, air passes through _______ into the _____ to oxygenate body tissues - At the end of inspiration, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles RELAX and the lungs RECOIL

RESPIRATORY ZONE INCLUDES

RESPIRATORY MEMBRANCE Gas crosses the respiratory membrane by __________ ➢ Oxygen enters the _____ (OUT) ➢ Carbon dioxide enters the _______ (IN)

- Located in the pleural cavity in the thorax - Extend from just above the clavicles to diaphragm ↪️ major MUSCLE of respiration

- larger than the other lung - divided into 3 lobes: the upper, middle and lower lobes

- Narrower than the other lung to accomodate heart - divided into 2 lobes

Respiratory structures are innervated by the: ➢ _______ nerve, the _____ nerve, and the ______ nerves.

PLEURA/OUTSIDE ➢ lines the inside of the thoracic cavity ➢ including the upper surface of the diaphragm.

PLEURA/INSIDE ➢ covers the pulmonary surfaces

Blood flows through the lungs via the _______ system and _______ system

Accessory muscles of respiration: __________ Muscles - elevate the first two ribs ____________________ Muscles - raise the sternum _________ and ________ muscles - fix the shoulders.

2 RECOGNIZABLE SOUND CAN BE HEAR IN STETHOSCOPE: __________ - produced by air rushing through large passageways such as trachea and bronchi

2 RECOGNIZABLE SOUND CAN BE HEAR IN STETHOSCOPE: _________ - soft sounds of air filling alveoli

RESPIRATORY CONTROL - HIGHER CENTERS (BRAIN) LOCATED IN: ________, _________, and _______

Control of Respiration: Central ➢ Respiratory center in the ______ ➢ Controls the rate and depth of respiration ➢ Increased CO2 is the most potent stimulus

Control of Respiration: Central PONS ➢ Regulates breathing pattern and prevents overinflation

Control of Respiration: Central PONS ➢ Prolongs inspiration with short expiration ➢ Holding in the inspiratory phase

Control of Respiration: Peripheral ➢ Sensitive to changes in pH and O2 ➢ Decreased O2→ increase respiration ➢ Decreased pH (acidosis)→ increase respiration

Control of Respiration: Peripheral ➢ Stretch receptors in the lungs limit the inspiration

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities ➢ Normal quiet breathing ➢ 500 ml of air is moved in/out of lungs with each breath 6.000

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities ➢ Amount of air that can be taken in forcibly over the tidal volume ➢ Usually around 3,100 ml

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities ➢ Amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a tidal expiration ➢ Approximately 1,200 ml

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities ➢ Air remaining in lung after expiration ➢ Cannot be voluntanly exhaled ➢ Allows gas exchange to go on continuously, even between breaths, and helps keep alveoli open (inflated) ➢ About 1,200 ml

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities ➢ The total amount of exchangeable air ➢ Vital capacity - TV + IRV + ERV ➢ 4,800 ml in men, 3,100 ml in women

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities ➢ Air that remains in conducting zone and never reaches alveoli ➢ About 150 ml=

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities ➢ Air that actually reaches the respiratory zone ➢ Usually about 350 ml

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities ➢ Functional residual capacity (FRC): ERV + residual volume ➢ Amount of air remaining in lungs after complete quiet cycle

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities ➢ Total volume of lungs ➢ Averages 6000 mL in adult males, 4200 mL in adult females

Respiratory capacities are measured with a _______

- Oxygen is loaded into the blood - Carbon Dioxide is unloaded out of the blood - Oxygen transport in the blood

➢ Exchange of gases between blood and tissue cells ➢ An opposite reaction from what occurs in the lungs ➢ Carbon dioxide diffuses out of tissue cells to blood (called loading) ➢ Oxygen diffuses from blood into tissue (called unloading)

INTERNAL RESPIRATION ➢ Carbon dioxide diffuses out of tissue cells to blood (called _________)

INTERNAL RESPIRATION ➢ Oxygen diffuses from blood into tissue (called ________)

Normal Respiratory Rate (Eupnea) ____ - _____ respirations per minute

Increased respiratory rate, Often due to extra oxygen needs.

➢ Rising levels of CO, in the blood (acidosis) result in faster, deeper breathing ➢ Exhale more CO, to elevate blood pH ➢ May result in apnea and dizziness and lead to alkalosis

➢ Results when blood becomes alkaline (alkalosis) ➢ Extremely slow or shallow breathing ➢ Allows CO2 to accumulate in the blood.

CONTROL OF RESPIRATION - ______________ : setting the basic rhythm • Activity of respiratory muscles is transmitted to and from the brain by phrenic and intercostal nerves - ______________ that control rate and depth are located in the medulla and pons

CONTROL OF RESPIRATION - set basic rhythm of breating and contains pacemaker (self-exciting inspiratory centers) called ventral respiratory group (VRG)

CONTROL OF RESPIRATION - smooth out respiratory rate

RESPIRATORY DISORDER - Alveoli walls are destroyed, remaining alveoli enlarge - Chronic inflammation promotes lung fibrosis, and lung lose elasticity - “pink puffers” - overinflation - cyanosis appears late

RESPIRATORY DISORDER - Mucosa of the lower respiratory passages becomes severely inflammed - Excessive mucus production impairs ventilation - Patients become cyanotic and sometimes called “blue bloaters” as a result of chronic hypoxia and carbon dioxide retention

RESPIRATORY DISORDER -Chronically inflamed, hypersensitive bronchiole passages -Respond to irritants with dyspnea, coughing, and wheezing