RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

69問 • 1年前

JHAYS

通報

問題一覧

The major function of RESPIRATORY SYSTEM is _______

RESPIRATION

movement of air from the atmosphere into the lungs and out of the lungs

VENTILATION

exchange of gases between the alveoli and the blood

EXTERNAL RESPIRATION

exchange of gases between the blood and the tissues

INTERNAL RESPIRATION

➢ Provides oxygen for metabolism in the tissues ➢ Removes carbon dioxide, the waste product of metabolism

PRIMARY FUNCTIONS

1. Facilitates sense of smell 2. Produces speech 3. Maintains acid-base balance 4. Maintains body water levels 5. Maintains heat balance

SECONDARY FUNCTIONS

UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT

NOSE, SINUSES, PHARYNX, LARYNX, EPIGLOTTIS

LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT

BRONCHI, ALVEOLI, TRACHEA

Humidifies, warms, and filtered inspired air

NOSE

Air-filled cavities within the hollow bones that surround nasal passages and provide resonance during speech

SINUSES

Passageway for the respiratory and digestive tracts located behind the oral and nasal cavities

PHARYNX

PHARYNX DIVIDED INTO 3:

NASOPHARYNX, OROPHARYNX, LARYNGOPHARYNX

➢ Located above the trachea, just below the pharynx at the root of the tongue ➢ commonly called the voice box ➢ Contains two pairs of vocal cords, the false and true cords.

LARYNX

➢ plays an important role in coughing ➢ most fundamental defense mechanism of the lungs

GLOTTIS

➢ Leaf-shaped elastic structure attached along one end to the top of the larynx ➢ projects superior to glottis; forms lid over it ➢ Swallowing—larynx elevates; epiglottis folds back over glottis; blocks entry into respiratory tract ➢ Prevents food from entering the tracheobronchial tree by closing over the glottis during swallowing

EPIGLOTTIS

- Located in front of the esophagus; - branches into the right and left mainstem bronchi at the carina • Called windpipe • Made up of 15-20 C-shaped • 10-11 inches • Lined with pseudostratified ciliated epithelium

TRACHEA

Begin at the carina

MAINSTEM BRONCHI

Slightly wider, shorter, and more vertical than the other bronchus.

RIGHT BRONCHUS

THE BRONCHI ARE LINE WITH ______ - propel mucus up and away from the lower airway to the trachea, where it can be expectorated or swallowed

CILIA

- Branch from the secondary bronchi and subdivide into the small terminal and respiratory bronchioles - contain no cartilage and depend on the elastic recoil of the lung for patency.

BRONCHIOLES

- contain no cilia - do not participate in gas exchange

TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES

a term used to indicate all structures distal to the terminal bronchiole.

ACINUS

branch from the respiratory bronchioles.

ALVEOLAR DUCTS

• arise from the ducts • contain clusters of alveoli - basic units of gas exchange

ALVEOLAR SACS

• walls of the alveoli • secrete surfactant • Without surfactant, the alveoli would collapse • A phospholipid protein that reduces the surface tension in the alveoli

TYPE 2 ALVEOLAR CELLS

without ________, the alveoli would collapse

SURFACTANT

- In the lungs, air passes through _______ into the _____ to oxygenate body tissues - At the end of inspiration, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles RELAX and the lungs RECOIL

TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES, ALVEOLI

RESPIRATORY ZONE INCLUDES

RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES, ALVEOLAR DUCTS, ALVEOLAR SACS, ALVEOLI

RESPIRATORY MEMBRANCE Gas crosses the respiratory membrane by __________ ➢ Oxygen enters the _____ (OUT) ➢ Carbon dioxide enters the _______ (IN)

DIFFUSION, BLOOD, ALVEOLI

- Located in the pleural cavity in the thorax - Extend from just above the clavicles to diaphragm ↪️ major MUSCLE of respiration

LUNGS

- larger than the other lung - divided into 3 lobes: the upper, middle and lower lobes

RIGHT LUNG

- Narrower than the other lung to accomodate heart - divided into 2 lobes

LEFT LUNG

Respiratory structures are innervated by the: ➢ _______ nerve, the _____ nerve, and the ______ nerves.

PHRENIC, VAGUS, THORACIC

PLEURA/OUTSIDE ➢ lines the inside of the thoracic cavity ➢ including the upper surface of the diaphragm.

PARIETAL PLEURA

PLEURA/INSIDE ➢ covers the pulmonary surfaces

VISCERAL PLEURA

Blood flows through the lungs via the _______ system and _______ system

PULMONARY, BRONCHIAL

Accessory muscles of respiration: __________ Muscles - elevate the first two ribs ____________________ Muscles - raise the sternum _________ and ________ muscles - fix the shoulders.

SCALENE MUSCLES, STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID MUSCLES, TRAPEZIUS AND PECTORALIS MUSCLES

2 RECOGNIZABLE SOUND CAN BE HEAR IN STETHOSCOPE: __________ - produced by air rushing through large passageways such as trachea and bronchi

BRONCHIAL SOUNDS

2 RECOGNIZABLE SOUND CAN BE HEAR IN STETHOSCOPE: _________ - soft sounds of air filling alveoli

VESICULAR BREATHING SOUNDS

RESPIRATORY CONTROL - HIGHER CENTERS (BRAIN) LOCATED IN: ________, _________, and _______

HYPOTHALAMUS, LIMBIC SYSTEM, AND CEREBRAL CORTEX

Control of Respiration: Central ➢ Respiratory center in the ______ ➢ Controls the rate and depth of respiration ➢ Increased CO2 is the most potent stimulus

MEDULLA

Control of Respiration: Central PONS ➢ Regulates breathing pattern and prevents overinflation

Pneumotaxic center

Control of Respiration: Central PONS ➢ Prolongs inspiration with short expiration ➢ Holding in the inspiratory phase

Apneustic center

Control of Respiration: Peripheral ➢ Sensitive to changes in pH and O2 ➢ Decreased O2→ increase respiration ➢ Decreased pH (acidosis)→ increase respiration

Chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies

Control of Respiration: Peripheral ➢ Stretch receptors in the lungs limit the inspiration

Hering-Breurer reflex

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities ➢ Normal quiet breathing ➢ 500 ml of air is moved in/out of lungs with each breath 6.000

Tidal volume (TV)

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities ➢ Amount of air that can be taken in forcibly over the tidal volume ➢ Usually around 3,100 ml

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities ➢ Amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a tidal expiration ➢ Approximately 1,200 ml

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities ➢ Air remaining in lung after expiration ➢ Cannot be voluntanly exhaled ➢ Allows gas exchange to go on continuously, even between breaths, and helps keep alveoli open (inflated) ➢ About 1,200 ml

Residual volume

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities ➢ The total amount of exchangeable air ➢ Vital capacity - TV + IRV + ERV ➢ 4,800 ml in men, 3,100 ml in women

Vital capacity

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities ➢ Air that remains in conducting zone and never reaches alveoli ➢ About 150 ml=

Dead space volume

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities ➢ Air that actually reaches the respiratory zone ➢ Usually about 350 ml

Functional volume

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities ➢ Functional residual capacity (FRC): ERV + residual volume ➢ Amount of air remaining in lungs after complete quiet cycle

Respiratory capacities

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities ➢ Total volume of lungs ➢ Averages 6000 mL in adult males, 4200 mL in adult females

Total lung capacity:

Respiratory capacities are measured with a _______

SPIROMETER

- Oxygen is loaded into the blood - Carbon Dioxide is unloaded out of the blood - Oxygen transport in the blood

EXTERNAL RESPIRATION

➢ Exchange of gases between blood and tissue cells ➢ An opposite reaction from what occurs in the lungs ➢ Carbon dioxide diffuses out of tissue cells to blood (called loading) ➢ Oxygen diffuses from blood into tissue (called unloading)

INTERNAL RESPIRATION

INTERNAL RESPIRATION ➢ Carbon dioxide diffuses out of tissue cells to blood (called _________)

INTERNAL RESPIRATION ➢ Oxygen diffuses from blood into tissue (called ________)

UNLOADING

Normal Respiratory Rate (Eupnea) ____ - _____ respirations per minute

12-15

Increased respiratory rate, Often due to extra oxygen needs.

HYPERPNEA

➢ Rising levels of CO, in the blood (acidosis) result in faster, deeper breathing ➢ Exhale more CO, to elevate blood pH ➢ May result in apnea and dizziness and lead to alkalosis

HYPERVENTILATION

➢ Results when blood becomes alkaline (alkalosis) ➢ Extremely slow or shallow breathing ➢ Allows CO2 to accumulate in the blood.

HYPOVENTILATION

CONTROL OF RESPIRATION - ______________ : setting the basic rhythm • Activity of respiratory muscles is transmitted to and from the brain by phrenic and intercostal nerves - ______________ that control rate and depth are located in the medulla and pons

NEURAL REGULATION

CONTROL OF RESPIRATION - set basic rhythm of breating and contains pacemaker (self-exciting inspiratory centers) called ventral respiratory group (VRG)

MEDULLA

CONTROL OF RESPIRATION - smooth out respiratory rate

PONS

RESPIRATORY DISORDER - Alveoli walls are destroyed, remaining alveoli enlarge - Chronic inflammation promotes lung fibrosis, and lung lose elasticity - “pink puffers” - overinflation - cyanosis appears late

EMPHYSEMA

RESPIRATORY DISORDER - Mucosa of the lower respiratory passages becomes severely inflammed - Excessive mucus production impairs ventilation - Patients become cyanotic and sometimes called “blue bloaters” as a result of chronic hypoxia and carbon dioxide retention

CHRONIC BRONCHITIS

RESPIRATORY DISORDER -Chronically inflamed, hypersensitive bronchiole passages -Respond to irritants with dyspnea, coughing, and wheezing

ASTHMA

HCI

HCI

TERMS

TERMS

HEALTH DEF

HEALTH DEF

ANAPHY PRELIMS REVIEW

JHAYS · 43問 · 1年前

ANAPHY PRELIMS REVIEW

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

BIOCHEM

BIOCHEM

SKELETAL SYSTEM

SKELETAL SYSTEM

joints

joints

muscle and joint movements

JHAYS · 17問 · 1年前

muscle and joint movements

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

LIPIDS

LIPIDS

NEUROTRANSMITTER

NEUROTRANSMITTER

NERVOUS

NERVOUS

NERVOUS PART 2

NERVOUS PART 2

SPECIAL SENSES

SPECIAL SENSES

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

問題一覧

The major function of RESPIRATORY SYSTEM is _______

RESPIRATION

movement of air from the atmosphere into the lungs and out of the lungs

VENTILATION

exchange of gases between the alveoli and the blood

EXTERNAL RESPIRATION

exchange of gases between the blood and the tissues

INTERNAL RESPIRATION

➢ Provides oxygen for metabolism in the tissues ➢ Removes carbon dioxide, the waste product of metabolism

PRIMARY FUNCTIONS

1. Facilitates sense of smell 2. Produces speech 3. Maintains acid-base balance 4. Maintains body water levels 5. Maintains heat balance

SECONDARY FUNCTIONS

UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT

NOSE, SINUSES, PHARYNX, LARYNX, EPIGLOTTIS

LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT

BRONCHI, ALVEOLI, TRACHEA

Humidifies, warms, and filtered inspired air

NOSE

Air-filled cavities within the hollow bones that surround nasal passages and provide resonance during speech

SINUSES

Passageway for the respiratory and digestive tracts located behind the oral and nasal cavities

PHARYNX

PHARYNX DIVIDED INTO 3:

NASOPHARYNX, OROPHARYNX, LARYNGOPHARYNX

➢ Located above the trachea, just below the pharynx at the root of the tongue ➢ commonly called the voice box ➢ Contains two pairs of vocal cords, the false and true cords.

LARYNX

➢ plays an important role in coughing ➢ most fundamental defense mechanism of the lungs

GLOTTIS

EPIGLOTTIS

TRACHEA

Begin at the carina

MAINSTEM BRONCHI

Slightly wider, shorter, and more vertical than the other bronchus.

RIGHT BRONCHUS

THE BRONCHI ARE LINE WITH ______ - propel mucus up and away from the lower airway to the trachea, where it can be expectorated or swallowed

CILIA

- Branch from the secondary bronchi and subdivide into the small terminal and respiratory bronchioles - contain no cartilage and depend on the elastic recoil of the lung for patency.

BRONCHIOLES

- contain no cilia - do not participate in gas exchange

TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES

a term used to indicate all structures distal to the terminal bronchiole.

ACINUS

branch from the respiratory bronchioles.

ALVEOLAR DUCTS

• arise from the ducts • contain clusters of alveoli - basic units of gas exchange

ALVEOLAR SACS

• walls of the alveoli • secrete surfactant • Without surfactant, the alveoli would collapse • A phospholipid protein that reduces the surface tension in the alveoli

TYPE 2 ALVEOLAR CELLS

without ________, the alveoli would collapse

SURFACTANT

- In the lungs, air passes through _______ into the _____ to oxygenate body tissues - At the end of inspiration, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles RELAX and the lungs RECOIL

TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES, ALVEOLI

RESPIRATORY ZONE INCLUDES

RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES, ALVEOLAR DUCTS, ALVEOLAR SACS, ALVEOLI

RESPIRATORY MEMBRANCE Gas crosses the respiratory membrane by __________ ➢ Oxygen enters the _____ (OUT) ➢ Carbon dioxide enters the _______ (IN)

DIFFUSION, BLOOD, ALVEOLI

- Located in the pleural cavity in the thorax - Extend from just above the clavicles to diaphragm ↪️ major MUSCLE of respiration

LUNGS

- larger than the other lung - divided into 3 lobes: the upper, middle and lower lobes

RIGHT LUNG

- Narrower than the other lung to accomodate heart - divided into 2 lobes

LEFT LUNG

Respiratory structures are innervated by the: ➢ _______ nerve, the _____ nerve, and the ______ nerves.

PHRENIC, VAGUS, THORACIC

PLEURA/OUTSIDE ➢ lines the inside of the thoracic cavity ➢ including the upper surface of the diaphragm.

PARIETAL PLEURA

PLEURA/INSIDE ➢ covers the pulmonary surfaces

VISCERAL PLEURA

Blood flows through the lungs via the _______ system and _______ system

PULMONARY, BRONCHIAL

Accessory muscles of respiration: __________ Muscles - elevate the first two ribs ____________________ Muscles - raise the sternum _________ and ________ muscles - fix the shoulders.

SCALENE MUSCLES, STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID MUSCLES, TRAPEZIUS AND PECTORALIS MUSCLES

2 RECOGNIZABLE SOUND CAN BE HEAR IN STETHOSCOPE: __________ - produced by air rushing through large passageways such as trachea and bronchi

BRONCHIAL SOUNDS

2 RECOGNIZABLE SOUND CAN BE HEAR IN STETHOSCOPE: _________ - soft sounds of air filling alveoli

VESICULAR BREATHING SOUNDS

RESPIRATORY CONTROL - HIGHER CENTERS (BRAIN) LOCATED IN: ________, _________, and _______

HYPOTHALAMUS, LIMBIC SYSTEM, AND CEREBRAL CORTEX

Control of Respiration: Central ➢ Respiratory center in the ______ ➢ Controls the rate and depth of respiration ➢ Increased CO2 is the most potent stimulus

MEDULLA

Control of Respiration: Central PONS ➢ Regulates breathing pattern and prevents overinflation

Pneumotaxic center

Control of Respiration: Central PONS ➢ Prolongs inspiration with short expiration ➢ Holding in the inspiratory phase

Apneustic center

Control of Respiration: Peripheral ➢ Sensitive to changes in pH and O2 ➢ Decreased O2→ increase respiration ➢ Decreased pH (acidosis)→ increase respiration

Chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies

Control of Respiration: Peripheral ➢ Stretch receptors in the lungs limit the inspiration

Hering-Breurer reflex

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities ➢ Normal quiet breathing ➢ 500 ml of air is moved in/out of lungs with each breath 6.000

Tidal volume (TV)

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities ➢ Amount of air that can be taken in forcibly over the tidal volume ➢ Usually around 3,100 ml

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities ➢ Amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a tidal expiration ➢ Approximately 1,200 ml

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

Residual volume

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities ➢ The total amount of exchangeable air ➢ Vital capacity - TV + IRV + ERV ➢ 4,800 ml in men, 3,100 ml in women

Vital capacity

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities ➢ Air that remains in conducting zone and never reaches alveoli ➢ About 150 ml=

Dead space volume

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities ➢ Air that actually reaches the respiratory zone ➢ Usually about 350 ml

Functional volume

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities ➢ Functional residual capacity (FRC): ERV + residual volume ➢ Amount of air remaining in lungs after complete quiet cycle

Respiratory capacities

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities ➢ Total volume of lungs ➢ Averages 6000 mL in adult males, 4200 mL in adult females

Total lung capacity:

Respiratory capacities are measured with a _______

SPIROMETER

- Oxygen is loaded into the blood - Carbon Dioxide is unloaded out of the blood - Oxygen transport in the blood

EXTERNAL RESPIRATION

INTERNAL RESPIRATION

INTERNAL RESPIRATION ➢ Carbon dioxide diffuses out of tissue cells to blood (called _________)

INTERNAL RESPIRATION ➢ Oxygen diffuses from blood into tissue (called ________)

UNLOADING

Normal Respiratory Rate (Eupnea) ____ - _____ respirations per minute

12-15

Increased respiratory rate, Often due to extra oxygen needs.

HYPERPNEA

➢ Rising levels of CO, in the blood (acidosis) result in faster, deeper breathing ➢ Exhale more CO, to elevate blood pH ➢ May result in apnea and dizziness and lead to alkalosis

HYPERVENTILATION

➢ Results when blood becomes alkaline (alkalosis) ➢ Extremely slow or shallow breathing ➢ Allows CO2 to accumulate in the blood.

HYPOVENTILATION

NEURAL REGULATION

CONTROL OF RESPIRATION - set basic rhythm of breating and contains pacemaker (self-exciting inspiratory centers) called ventral respiratory group (VRG)

MEDULLA

CONTROL OF RESPIRATION - smooth out respiratory rate

PONS

EMPHYSEMA

CHRONIC BRONCHITIS

RESPIRATORY DISORDER -Chronically inflamed, hypersensitive bronchiole passages -Respond to irritants with dyspnea, coughing, and wheezing

ASTHMA