chapter 21

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The scientific name for the golden crayfish is Orconectes luteus. Based on this information, the crayfish is a member of what genus?

Orconectes

The study of biological diversity and evolutionary relationships among organisms is

systematics

The firefly (Photinus granulatus) and he zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) are both members of the kingdom Animalia. This indicates that they must also both be members of the same

domain

The science of describing, naming, and classifying extant and extinct organisms is

taxonomy

Members of the plant family Cactaceae (cacti) are native to the Americas and thrive in dry environments. They have a number of specialized adaptations, including reduced leaves, succulent (fleshy) stems for water storage, and spines for defense against herbivores. Some members of the family Euphorbiacee are native to the African desert and resemble cacti, having similarly reduced leaves, succulent stems, and thorns. Other species in the Euphorbiacee do not have these traits. Based on this information, what can you say about the morphological traits of Cactaceae and Euphorbiaceae indicated above?

they are analogous traits

A phylogenetic tree is a diagram that describes a phylogeny. A phylogeny is

the evolutionary history of a species or group of species.

A branching point in a phylogenetic tree is called a _______ ; it illustrates that has occurred.A branching point in a phylogenetic tree is called a ________; it illustrates that has occurred.

node; cladogenesis

This tree is based on which type of traits and what is the genus name for the most recent horse? (Horses Tree)

Morphological: Equus

___________ is a term that refers to similarities among various species that occur because the species are derived from a common ancestor.

Homology

Which of the phylogenetic trees below best demonstrates cladogenesis?

Tree 2 and 3

Can two different species that are members of the same clade have more than one common ancestor? Choose the MOST correct answer and explanation.

Yes. Although two species in the same clade have only one most recent common ancestor, they also have a number of older common ancestors that occurred earlier in their evolutionary history.

Based on what you know about the principle of parsimony, which of the following is most likely a shared derived character of conifers and flowering plants?

seeds

Use the principle of parsimony and molecular genetic data to choose a phylogenetic tree for your hypothesis of how the extant species were derived from the ancestor.

Tree 2 requires the fewest mutations, making it the best choice.

What nucleotide change is a shared derived character for species A, B, and C, but not for species G?

Changing the second G to an A is common to species A, B, and C. but not to species G.

Refer to the cladogram below. Which shared derived character is common to the lizard and rabbit but not the salmon?

Tetrapod locomotion

In the cladogram shown, the animals across the top are a lancelet, lamprey, salmon, lizard, and rabbit (from left to right). If the salmon, lizard, and rabbit are an ingroup, which animals make up the outgroup? Which character(s) are shared derived in the ingroup?

Lancelet and lamprey; hinged jaw

Based on what you know about the principle of parsimony, which of the following is most likely a shared primitive character of mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants?

Chlorophylls a and b

Which of the following is NOT a principle used when constructing cladograms?

All species or higher taxa are placed on nodes in a phylogenetic tree.

The figure shows a simplified phylogeny of closely related species of primates. This tree was proposed by comparing DNA sequence changes in the gene for cytochrome oxidase subunit Il. The vertical scale represents time and the branch points represent common ancestors. What species did ancestor B give rise to?

All of the species except siamangs.

When comparing the sequences of a homologous gene in four different species, one pair of species shows a 1% difference, whereas the other pair shows a 3% difference. Which pair diverged longer ago from their common ancestor and why?

The pair with a 3% difference; a larger difference (3% instead of 1%) indicates that there has been more time to accumulate mutations.

Molecular clocks are usually calibrated based on

the date when two species diverged from a common ancestor.

Which pair of species would be expected to have fewer genetic differences: orangutans and gorillas or gorillas and humans? Why?

Gorillas and humans because their common ancestor (C) is more recent than that of orangutans and gorillas (B).

The idea that most of the genetic variation found in populations is not subject to natural selection is the basis of

the neutral theory of evolution

How does the phenomenon of horizontal gene transfer muddle the concept of monophyletic groups?

Monophyletic groups are based on the concept that a particular group of species descended from a common ancestor.When horizontal gene transfer occurs, not all of the genes in a species were inherited from the common ancestor.

Horizontal gene transfer is less prevalent in eukaryotic species because

of multicellularity and sexual reproduction

chapter 22

Madeline Joslyn · 25問 · 1年前

chapter 22