問題一覧
1
what is ventilation
the movement of air in and out of the respiratory system
2
what is gasceous exchange
the exchange of gases between the alveoli/ blood
3
lungs weight and volume
10% of solid tiasue, weight of 2.3kg and volume 4-6 litres
4
what is cardiac output (Q)
amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle of the heart
5
what is cardiac output measured in
litres per minute (Lmin-1)
6
equation for cardiac output
stroke volume x heart rate (SV x HR)
7
what is stroke volume (SV)
the quantity of blood ejected from the left ventricle of the heart with each beat
8
what is stroke volume measured in
millilitres
9
what is maximal oxygen uptake (vo2 max)
the maximal amount of oxygen that an individual can use during intense or maximal exercise for the entire body
10
what is tidal volume (TV)
the amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs with each respiratory cycle/ breath
11
what is respiratory rate (RR)
the number of breaths taken every minute
12
what is minute ventilation (Ve)
the total number of air taken in during one minute
13
equation for minute ventilation
respiratory rate x tidal volume
14
(a-v) arteriovenous o2 difference
the difference in the oxygen content between arterial and venous blood
15
what is venous blood
deoxygenated blood which travels from peripheal blood vessels, through the system and into right atrium
16
whats arterial blood
Oxygenated blood in the circulatory system found in the pulmonary vein, the left chambers of the heart and in the arteries
17
gasceous exchange process
alveoli absorbs oxygen into the blood and transfer co2 into the lungs
18
where does gasceous exchange occur via
occurs via passive diffusion across the cell’s membrane “ficks law”
19
what does the rate of gasceous exchange diffusion depend on
surface area, concentration difference, thickness of cell membrane
20
4 main components of cardiovascular system
the heart, arteries and arterioles, capillaries, veins and venules
21
what are the two cardiac contraction phases
diastole and systole
22
what is diastole in cardiac contraction
the phase of the heartbeat when cardiac muscle relaxes and allows the chambers to fill with blood
23
what is systole in cardiac contraction
the phase of the heartbeat when cardiac muscle contracts and pumps blood from ventricles into the systemic circulation
24
what is pulmonary ventilation
oxygen uptake increase linearly with exercise intensity
25
what is lysis
breakdown: eg breakdown of glucose
26
what is genesis/ synthesis
creation, development, building or production
27
what is ase
an enzyme which catalyses a metabolic reaction
28
what is metabolism
The chemical processes that occur in living organisms, resulting in growth, production of energy, elimination of waste
29
what does the breakdown of ATP to ADP result in
the release of energy
30
what is the terminology of EPI
meaning on, upon, above or over
31
what is the terminology of PERI
meanint enclosing or surrounding
32
what is the terminology ENDO
meaning within
33
what is the terminology myo/sarco
reference to muscle tissue
34
what is the skeletal muscle characteristic of excitable
conducts electrical impulses (from a neural stimulus)
35
what is the skeletal muscle characteristic of contractile
produces active force when shortening
36
what is the skeletal muscle characteristic of extensible and elastic
stretchable and returns to its original form
37
what is the skeletal muscle characteristic of plastic
changes in response to acute and chronic stimuli
38
what is a pennation angle of a muscle
the angle between the muscle fascicles and the line of action
39
what are fibres arranged in parallel to the line of pull considered as
fusiform muscles eg: bicep brachii
40
what do fusiform muscles produce
less force
41
what muscles cannot shorten to the same extent but have more fibres packed per unit area
pennate muscles
42
what do pennate muscles produce
greater force
43
what is the cytoplasm/ sarcoplasm useful for
the site for glycolysis, storing myoglobin and glycogen
44
what is known as a motor unit
a single motor neuron typically innervating many different fibres
45
what is called the neuromuscular junction
the area between a motor neuron and the muscle fibres it innervates
46
what happens when a motor neuron fires
all the fibres that it innervates are simultaneously activated and develop force
47
what is an action potential
a rapid sequence of changes in the voltage across a membrane
48
what is type 1 muscle fibre
more oxidative
49
what is type IIa muscle fibre
middle
50
what is type IIx muscle fibre
more glycolytic
51
what is a fast twitch muscle fibre
one that develops force and relaxes rapidly and therefore has a short twitch time
52
what is a slow twitch muscle fibre
develops force and relaxes more slowly and therefore had a long twitch time
53
what are motor units
composed of muscle fibres of all the same type- they are grouped in the same way
54
what do explosive contractions recruit
high threshold motor units to yield more force
55
what are absolute contraindications
if present means the individual cannot participate
56
what are relative contraindications
can participate but may require modified or lower intensity exercise
57
example of absolute contradiction
uncontrolled cardiac condition
58
example of relative contraindications
controlled cardiac conditions
59
normal blood pressure range
<120 systolic <80 diastolic
60
hypertension stage 1
140-159 systolic 90-99 diastolic
61
hypertension stage 2
160-179 systolic 100-119 diastolic
62
hypertension stage 3
>180 systolic >120 diastolic
63
normal resting heart rate
60-100bpm-1
64
maximum HR (HRmax) estimation equation
220-age
65
alternative HRmax estimation equation
207-0.7 x age
66
zone 1 HRmax- very light intensity
50-60%
67
zone 2 HRmax- light intensity
60-70%
68
zone 3 HRmax- moderate intensity
70-80%
69
zone 4 HRmax- hard intensity
80-90%
70
Zone 5 HRmax- maximum intensity
90-100%
71
what is systolic BP
the highest arterial blood pressure of a cardiac cycle, occurs immediately after systole of the left ventricle of the heart
72
what is diastolic BP
the lowest arterial pressure of a cardiac cycle occuring during diastole of the heart
73
what is hypertension
blood pressure abobe the normal/ healthy ranges
74
how to measure heart rate reserve
HRmax - Resting heart rate (RHR)
75
Which of the following is not an absolute contraindication to exercise?
chronic infectious disease
76
The transfer of glucose to lactate is known as what energy pathway?The transfer of glucose to lactate is known as what energy pathway?
aerobic glycolysis
77
In a typical adult, which of the following contains the largest store of energy?In a typical adult, which of the following contains the largest store of energy?
Muscle triglycerides
78
Which of these reactions provides the lowest rate (mmol/kg/s) of energy production?
Fat → CO2 + H20 + ATP
79
In a 30 second maximal cycle sprint, which energy system has the highest ATP contribution?
Anaerobic glycolysis
80
Blood is pumped to the pulmonary system from which chamber?
right ventricle
81
What does the hand-held dynamometer (HHD) measure?
force (N)
82
What proteins overlap to cause muscle shortening (concentric contraction)?
actin and myosin
83
Which of the following does not apply to the mitochondria?
It is the site for glycolysis
84
Which of these factors can affect electromyography measurement?
all if the above
85
Which of these exercises is an example of a vertical push movement?
barbell overhead press
86
Which of the following is not an acute adaptation to a warm-up?
increased muscle atrophy
87
The principle of accommodation refers to...
Biological response decreases to a constant stimulus
88
Which of the following is not one of the main chronic adaptations to resistance training?
Increased mitochondrial density
89
what does pyruvate turn into
lactic acid
90
health screening precaution
HHQ and PARQ
91
what does PARQ stand for
physical activity readiness questionnaire
92
what does HHQ questionnaire stand for
health history questionnaire
93
whats an absolute contradiction
individual cannot participate
94
whats a relative contraindication
can partake with modifications
95
what is energy intake and expidenture typically measured in
kcal.min or kcal.day
96
how much kcal of energy does ATP have
5
97
ATP- PCr sport
sprint
98
glycolysis sport
paracycling
99
oxidative metabolism sport
marathon
100
one key loop of systemic circulation
left ventricle-> Aorta