is a good source of carbohydrates.

is the primary source of sugars, particularly glucose, for cells of plants themselves and for the rest of the organisms of an ecosystem.

are the monomers and fundamental units of carbohydrates that cannot be further broken down or hydrolyzed into smaller sugars.

, which is also known as dextrose, is the form that circulates in our bloodstream.

occurs in ripe and sweet fruits, such as mangoes, the sweetest fruit on the planet.

makes up the sugar in milk

, a pentose, is a major structural component of DNA nucleotides.

- these are molecules with the same molecular formula but different in structure.

is a carbohydrate that consists of two to ten units of monosaccharides. The most commonly occurring forms of oligosaccharides are disaccharides (di=two). These sugars are formed through dehydration synthesis.

Oligosaccharide is a carbohydrate that consists of two to ten units of monosaccharides. The most commonly occurring forms of oligosaccharides are disaccharides (di=two). These sugars are formed through ___

in plants is abundant in sugarcane, which is processed to produce table sugar.

in barley can be fermented to produce alcoholic beverages.

is the major sugar found in cow's milk.

, a trisaccharide, is found in cabbages and asparagus.

are large molecules that consist of hundreds to thousands of monosaccharide monomers. They are long chains of complex carbohydrates. are composed of very long chains of monosaccharides. The orientation of bonds and the presence of branching determine their properties.

is the primary storage polysaccharide in plants. E.g. (Amylose & Amylopectin)

is the storage polysaccharide in animal and fungal cells.

is the major component of plant cell walls, which makes it the primary structural carbohydrate in plants.

have no double bonds in their hydrocarbon chains which gives them a straight-chain conformation. Animal fats usually consist of saturated fatty acids, which make them solid at room temperature. Examples include the fats present in fatty pork cuts (A) and butter (B).

have hydrocarbon chains that contain one or more double bonds between carbon atoms. These double bonds usually bend in the carbon chain. Plant and fish oils are liquid at room temperature because of their unsaturated fatty acids. Examples include sunflower oil (C) and cod liver oil (D) in supplements.

are a vital class of lipids because they are the primary components of cell membranes.

The presence of unsaturated fatty acids in some phospholipids contribute to the ___ of the cell membrane

serves as the precursor of all other steroid products It is a key component of animal cell membranes and an essential component in our diet

is naturally synthesized by the male gonad to initiate many male- specific changes in the body,

are produced by plants to prevent desiccation or water loss when exposed to too much sunlight.

is the breakdown of lipids (fats) into fatty acids and glycerol, which can then be used as energy.

is the process by which fatty acids are broken down into acetyl-CoA, producing energy.

contain triglyceride molecules and other cholesterol molecules to carry these molecules from the intestine to the liver and adipose tissue.

The twenty amino acids in living organisms have different R groups which give them varying chemical properties in the cell's physiological conditions

___ Formation Cells link amino acid monomers together by dehydration reactions. The bond between adjacent amino acids is called a ___

The __ refers to the unique sequence of amino acids.

include the alpha-helices and beta-sheets, which resulted from amino acid chain coiling or folding.

of proteins are formed and maintained by hydrophobic, hydrophilic, and ionic interactions, as well as by disulfide bridges.

is an example of a protein that can attain a quaternary structure. It has four polypeptides, wherein each has primary, secondary and tertiary structures.

- Some conditions can cause a protein to unravel and lose its normal shape.

- The keratin in hair and silk in spider webs are examples of ___. Keratin can also be found in the horns, claws, hooves, and outer skin of vertebrates.

- are mostly globular proteins that catalyze reactions. They are very specific to the substrate molecule or reactants, the reactions of which are catalyzed.

- Interactions between antigens and antibodies help trigger immune responses.

- Insulin consists of two amino acid chains connected by disulfide bridges (in yellow color) between cysteine residues.

are present in muscle cells, which helps the body to initiate various forms of movements.

provide amino acids for growing organisms, such as germinating seeds and developing embryos in eggs.

- These are made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate, and a base.

or five-carbon sugars are present in DNA and RNA nucleotides. The nitrogenous bases in DNA and RNA can be classified into pyrimidines with a single carbon-nitrogen ring, while the purines contain two fused carbon-nitrogen rings.

The bonds within a nucleotide include the ___ and ____

Nucleotides in a polynucleotide are held together in __. The sugar-phosphate backbone is a structural feature of DNA that is bound by repeating ___. This backbone gives the DNA its negative charge.

The ____ of the DNA molecule is essential to the synthesis of new DNA molecules and complementary RNA molecules required for gene expression.