are commonly used in aircraft and other aerospace applications (helicopters and spacecraft): 7075, 6061, 6063, 2024 and 5052. Among these, the 7075 (blank) is most preferred by the aircraft industry.

is the stress which tends to pull things apart.

are characterized as having a high level of resistance to the extremes of heat, cold, and corrosive environments, as well as long-term wear capacity.

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are those components of the aircraft that transfer the forces exerted on the aircraft from one location to another or absorb the forces during flight.

The combined load of the airplane itself, the crew, the fuel, and the cargo or baggage.

can be found in the thrust reversers for the Boeing 737, 747, 757, and 767 as well as in jet engine fan frames, and aircraft and helicopter transmission casings.

Opposes the downward force of weight, is produced by the dynamic effect of the air acting on the wing, and acts perpendicular to the flightpath through the wing's center of lift.

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typically provide aerodynamic functions  or direct air flow.

Engineers almost always apply a safety factor to their design to provide a margin of safety to compensate for material variances, design errors, product misuse, and other unforeseen variances from the norm.

is caused by forces tending to slip or slide one part of a material in respect to another part.

is one of the main structural materials for modern aircraft and engines. It can reduce the weight of the aircraft and improve structural efficiency.

The forward force produced by the powerplant/ propeller. It opposes or overcomes the force of drag.

The damage-tolerant design philosophy accepts the existence of minor flaws in components, anticipates their growth, and establishes an inspection discipline designed to identify these flaws before they become critical to the aircraft airworthiness.

consist of new high strength fibers embedded in an epoxy matrix. These composites provide for major weight savings in airplane structures, since they have high strength to weight ratios.

This type of stress combines tension and compression.

The rearward, retarding force, and is caused by disruption of airflow by the wing, fuselage, and other protruding objects.

structures are widely used on aircraft flight control surfaces such as rudder, aileron, spoiler, and flap.

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is commonly used in airframes—the body of an aircraft—since the materials used here need to withstand extreme hot and cold temperatures as well as corrosives. Landing gear and jet engines also benefit from being made in (blank).

is the stress which tends to distort by twisting. You produce a torsional force when you tighten a nut on a bolt.

is the opposite of tension. It is the stress which tends to push materials together.

for aircraft is used because it has lightweight. In addition, this material is environmentally friendly, so it does not cause pollution in various places.

The philosophy of (blank-blank) design was to test various components to failure and to use as a components airworthy maximum life 25 percent of the average life, when tested to destructive failure.

In (blank-blank) construction each component was designed to be able to accept the forces of adjacent components should their neighbor components fail.