問題一覧
1
Wave Frequency
the number of wave crests passing
2
The water types of the Indian Ocean are less…
distinct than those of the Atlantic
3
Caballing
mixing of two water types with identical densities but different temperatures and salinities
4
Disphotic zone
Also Mesopelagic Zone it’s light sufficient for vision but not photosynthesis
5
Upwelling zones
areas of rising water
6
Continuity of flow
water is a fixed quantity, it cannot be accumulated at one location or removed at another location without movement of water between those locations
7
water masses
large body of water with similar values of temperature and salinity throughout
8
thermocline
zone of change
9
Benthic zone
the bottom or close to the bottom
10
The water types of the Atlantic Ocean are formed at…
the surface at different latitudes
11
Benthos
organisms associated with the sea floor
12
1st tide
6hr 12.5min
13
tidal day(lunar day)
the time for a point on earth to rotate once and be directly underneath the moon again
14
what causes tides?
forces acting on the earth-moon-sun system
15
2nd tide
12hr 25min
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Spring tides
they occur every 2 weeks. the full and new moon
17
How long is the lunar rotation period?
28 days
18
Slack water
time around high and low tide where the current velocity is reduced
19
water sinks at and rises at
downwellings, upwellings
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pelagic zone
open water
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Downwelling zone
areas of thermohaline circulation where water converges and sinks
22
isothermal layer
a layer of constant temperature
23
pycnocline
density change
24
many combinations of salinity and temperature can produce…
seawater of the same density
25
wave height
vertical distance between trough and crest
26
katabatic winds
gravity-driven off the ice sheet blow away the sea ice forming
27
the absorption and exchange of energy at the sea surface control the…
properties of surface seawater
28
the waters of different densities produced at the sea surface, and the resulting vertical circulation creates a…
layered ocean that is primarily stably stratified
29
what increases the density of the sea surface water?
cooling, evaporation, freezing
30
fetch
the distance over which the wind can blow over the water
31
superposition
waves on top of waves on top of waves
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crest
high points of waves
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wave periods
the amount of time required for the wave to pass
34
permanent zones
areas of surface-water convergence and divergence occur in association with high and low pressure systems over the ocean
35
semidiurnal
two high tides and two low tides
36
wave steepness
ratio of height and wave length
37
polynyas
year-round ice-free areas of ocean
38
vertical circulation driven by changes in surface density is known as…
thermohaline circulation
39
primary productivity
rate at which biomass is produced by photosynthesis and chemosynthetic organisms
40
primary production
amount of living matter, or biomass that is produced by photosynthetic or chemosynthetic organisms
41
centrifugal force
outward directed force acting on a body moving along a curved path rotating about an axis
42
ebb tide
falling tide
43
MLT
the halfway point between high tide and low tide
44
mixed semidiurnal
two high tides and two low tides, with relatively different levels
45
cyclic global circulation changes are part of…
earths normal dynamic system
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diurnal
one high tide and one low tide
47
stenohaline species
require high salt. only found in near full strength seawater
48
plankton
organisms that are free standing in water columns at the mercy of currents. cannot swim against the current, aren’t always small
49
nekton
free swimming organisms with the indication that they can swim against a current
50
the water types of the Pacific Ocean lose their identity…
in the large volume of this ocean; their movements are sluggish
51
ecology
study of spectrum of interactions between organisms and other organisms and organisms and the environment
52
ecological community
individuals of all species that share a common environment
53
neritic zone
above the continental shelf
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oceanic zone
away from the influence of land
55
biogeochemical provinces
regions of the ocean that exhibit similar biological and chemical characteristics
56
symbiosis
an intimate and long term relationship between two(or more) species in which at least one species benefits
57
photoinhibition
too much light lowers photosynthesis
58
standing wave
type of wave in which the surface of the water oscillates vertically between fixed points called nodes, without progression
59
euryhaline species
can tolerate salinities to some degree. Have the ability to adopt to short periods of time(in seawater and freshwater)
60
euphoric zone
open ocean where light sufficient photosynthesis is
61
Aphotic zone
Also bathypelagic zone no light
62
neutrally stable water columns are easily mixed vertically by…
winds and waves
63
osmosis
movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from high to low water concentration
64
osmoconformers
internal salt concentrations are similar to external seawater concentrations
65
western identification
increase in speed of geostrophic currents as they move along the western boundary of an ocean basin
66
geostrophic flow
horizontal flow of water occurring when there is a balance gravitational forces and the Coriolis effect
67
Ekman layer
surface layer of water approximately 100-150m thick in which there is a wind-driven motion
68
wave length
distance between success of crests
69
ekman transport
total volume of water in the Ekman layer transported at right angles to the wind direction
70
trough
long depression of the sea floor, having relatively gentle sides; normally wider and shallower than a trench
71
orbits
the path followed by the water particles affected by the wave motion
72
swell
when there’s no wind but there are still waves on the ocean
73
AABW
Antarctic bottom water; densest water in the oceans
74
what decreases the density of the sea surface water?
heating, precipitation, ice melts
75
Langmuir cells
shallow wind-driven circulation
76
generating force
disturbing force that creates a wave, such as wind or a landslide entering water
77
restoring force
force that returns a disturbed water surface to the equilibrium level, such as surface tension and gravity
78
capillary wave
wave with wavelength less than 1.5cm in which the primary restoring force is surface tension
79
dispersion
sorting of waves as they move out from a storm center
80
forced wave
wave generated by a continuously acting force and caused to move at a speed faster than it freely travels
81
free wave
wave that continues to move at its natural speed after its generation by a force friction
82
diffraction
process that transmits energy laterally along a wave crest
83
breaker
sea surface water wave that has become too steep to be stable and callapses
84
diffusion
movement of substances from high to low concentrations
85
internal wave
wave created below the sea surface at the boundary between two density layers
86
osmoregulators
internal salt concentrations are different than external seawater conditions
87
when water with different properties but the same density are mixed…
the resulting water has a greater density than either of its components
88
brine rejection
takes place in polynyas because sea ice only take 15% of the salt in sea water; water becomes saltier
89
neuston
species that are found at the surface that aren’t in any classification
90
the wind produces capillary waves, which grow to from what?
gravity waves
91
tsunamis are…
seismic sea waves
92
the elliptical orbits of earth and the moon also influence the…
tide
93
in large ocean basins, the tide wave can move as what?
a progressive wave
94
life in the oceans are?
incredibly diverse
95
bioluminescence in the ocean is primarily used either to…
attract food or avoid being eaten
96
plankton are the…
drifting organisms
97
global patterns or productivity largely reflect the availability of what?
light and nutrients