draw water into their bodies and filter microorganisms and other nutrients from it.

This method is accomplished by trapping food particles from the drawn water. These particles are then moved into the cell of the organism via bulk transport. Intracellular digestion is performed via the enzymes of lysosomes.

are among the higher animals that also obtain food through the filter-feeding mechanism.

also occurs among bivalves, bony fishes, and cartilaginous fishes.

A __ is a cnidarian that seizes its prey by using its tentacles.

The prey obtained through its tentacles is moved into the gastrovascular chamber. The gastrodermis tissue secretes enzymes that can digest prey's soft tissues. The undigested food particles are expelled through the mouth region.

have a strong muscular pharynx that acts as a suction tube in the soil.

are also annelids that feed through the suction of blood from its host organism.

The ___ are structurally adapted to the type of their food. It can be fit to feed on seeds, fruits, small insects, nectar, fish, reptiles, or mammals. This structure is usually used to study the birds ecological and evolutionary history.

are usually used by fishes, reptiles, and mammals to seize their prey. For mammals, the morphology of the teeth reflects the diet type. Similar to birds, the teeth of most animals may also reflect evolutionary history.

Most important functional units of the nervous system Transmit, receive, and process nervous information Functional classes include sensory and motor neurons

Supporting cells of the nervous system Do not conduct or transmit nerve impulses Addresses important requirements of neurons

form the brain structure and support the metabolic needs of neurons.

are immune cells that help fight invading pathogens in the nervous system.

They produce myelin, a lipid-rich substance that insulates axons for the faster transmission of signals.

detect pain stimuli, which can potentially harm the body or lead to potentially serious damages in tissues.

detect various forms of mechanical stimuli, such as sound waves, tactile sensations, and gravity.

are able to detect the presence or absence, wavelengths, and intensities of light.

, such as olfactory receptors and taste buds, help detect the presence of chemicals in air and food.

The ____ in snakes help them detect various substances through their tongue that catches particles in air.

sense changes in the concentration of substances or changes in the osmotic pressure of fluids.

The ____ consists of osmoreceptors that can determine blood osmolality to trigger thirst when hydration is needed.

sense specific temperatures or changes in temperature in internal and external environments.

Snakes have ___, which help them detect the presence of warmth (from a potential prey) in their environment.

Signals from the central nervous system trigger muscle tissues to undergo contraction, when needed. The motor neurons associated with muscle tissues serve to relay information regarding their contraction. Control of the contractions of the muscles can be voluntary or involuntary depending on the type of muscle tissue involved.

are voluntary muscles that help bones move to initiate locomotion and other movements.

help in the involuntary control of some organs, such as intestines and blood vessels.

are involved in the involuntary and continuous pumping action of the heart for blood circulation.

are effector organs that secrete specific substances in response to certain nervous control. Secretions from ___ can either be enzymes or hormones depending on the type of gland that is stimulated. They can either be exocrine (secretions via ducts) or endocrine (secretions into the bloodstream for circulation).

Allow rapid wing vibration

Describes a mating experiment between two organisms that are identically hybrid for two traits

Genes do not influence each other with regard to the sorting of alleles into gametes; every possible combination of alleles for every gene is equally likely to occur.

Used to determine the outcome of an event with two independent events

serve as the primary energy source in the cells of animals.

use glucose as the primary carbohydrate that is oxidized during respiration.

is a carbohydrate found in plant-based diet of various animals.

Animals usually obtain __ by feeding on other animals or developing eggs.

are essential biomolecules needed for tissue growth and repair.

Animals can obtain __from both animal-based and plant-based diet.

Animals can obtain __ by consuming whole or parts of other organisms.

The absorbed nucleic acid components are used to synthesize ___

Animals usually obtain ___ when they consume whole or parts of plants.

refer to important elements that animals need to obtain from their diet.

are trace organic compounds present in the diet of animals.