問題一覧
1
invented the first primitive microscope.
Zacharias Janssen
2
observed microorganisms by using his own practical microscope.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
3
disproved the spontaneous generation theory of Aristotle.
Louise Pasteur
4
proposed that all plants are composed of cells.
Matthias Schleiden
5
proposed that all animals are composed of cells.
Theodor Schwann
6
proposed that all cells come from pre-existing cells.
Rudolf Virchow
7
The cell has three major divisions, namely, the:
plasma membrane, the cytoplasm, and the nucleus.
8
is the cell's primary barrier. Cell membrane or plasma membrane separates the cytoplasm from external environment.
plasma membrane
9
passageway of certain molecules
CHANNEL PROTEINS
10
change conformation to transport molecules
CARRIER PROTEINS
11
detect invading pathogens
CELL RECOGNITION PROTEINS
12
binding of molecules to trigger responses
RECEPTOR PROTEINS
13
This consists of a network of protein fibers that gives the cell its structural framework. In addition to providing a structural framework to the cell, the _____ also serves other functions such as movement of organelles, macromolecules, and chromosomes.
Cytoskeleton
14
These consist of helically arranged globular proteins called tubulin.
Microtubules
15
They consist of long fibers of actin protein, making them the thinnest cytoskeleton. They help facilitate cell and organelle movement. They can help change the shape of the cell.
Microfilaments
16
Helps maintain cell shape and anchors the cell.
Intermediate Filaments
17
This is where all different subcellular structures are suspended.
Cytoplasm
18
is a rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane, and it helps maintain the shape of cells and prevent them from bursting.
Cell Wall
19
Most bacteria have cell wall made up of _____.
peptidoglycan
20
The cell wall in some fungi consists of ____ and in plant cell it is made up of cellulose.
chitin
21
This is a prominent, usually oval structure in a eukaryotic cell. It is in almost the center of the cell.
Nucleus
22
are the organelles that use instructions from the nucleus, written in mRNA, to build proteins.
Ribosomes
23
Synthesizes protein.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
24
Synthesizes lipids.
Smooth Endoplasmie Reticulum
25
These serve functions like a warehouse and processing center, processing products of the ER.
Golgi Body
26
- These contain enzymes and serve as metabolic assistance to organelles and specialize in synthesizing & breaking down lipids.
Peroxisomes
27
- These serve as a storage of water, organic nutrients, variety of salts, sugar & some weak acids.
Vacuole
28
- Powerhouse of the cell.
Mitochondria
29
are metabolically diverse because they can utilize different nutrients and energy sources, and they can inhabit all types of environments on Earth.
Prokaryotic organisms
30
Domain Eukarya, which includes protists, fungi, plants, and animals
EUKARYOTIC Organisms
31
The sterols that are present in the cell membrane are ___
cholesterol (animals), phytosterol (plants) and ergosterol (fungi).
32
They do not have sterols in the cell membrane but have a sterol-like lipid component called ____.
hopanoid
33
In eukaryotic cells, individual cells reproduce through ____ and ___?.
mitosis and meiosis
34
Most prokaryotic cells reproduce through binary fission, and some reproduce through ____.
spores
35
• Growth of cytoplasm and doubling of organelles • Produce proteins, enzymes, nutrients, and energy • Highest rate of protein synthesis •Movement of centrioles of the centrosomes away to await and assist the events of mitosis
Interphase-Gap 1
36
Continued growth and the production of materials that are necessary for cell division to occur • Protein synthesis but not at the rate like that of the Gl phase
Events during the Gap 2 phase
37
• The___ in eukaryotic organisms involves either one of two processes, namely, mitosis and meiosis. Sex cells or gametes undergo meiosis, whereas somatic cells or non-sex cells undergo mitosis.
M phase
38
is marked by the formation of a cleavage furrow in animal cells. _____ is marked by the formation of a cell plate in plant cells.
Cytokinesis
39
The chromatin condenses into chromosomes. The nucleolus disintegrates. The mitotic spindle starts to form.
Prophase
40
The microtubules of the mitotic spindle attach and interact with the kinetochores of the chromosomes. The chromosomes align at the center of the cell, in the metaphase plate.
Metaphase
41
The mitotic spindle pulls and separates the sister chromatids apart. The chromatids, now called daughter chromatids, are then pulled toward the opposite poles.
Anaphase
42
Daughter chromatids decondense. In animals, the boundary of the new cells is known as the cleavage furrow. In plants, it is known as the cell plate.
TELOPHASE
43
SIGNIFICANCE OF MITOSIS
• maintenance of genetic material • growth and development •repair and recovery •asexual reproduction
44
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF MEIOSIS
• reduction of genetic material and sexual reproduction • inheritance • genetic diversity • survival
45
Factors that can cause cancer
• Heredity • cigarettes and alcohol • obesity • exposure to radiation • exposure to carcinogens • exposure to pollution
46
Partial missing chromosome in 24" pair
Turner Syndrome
47
Skin discolorations are characterized by person with a mosaic form of Klippel-Trénaunay syndrome.
Mosaicisms
48
causes the brain to shrink and brain cells to eventually die. (Memory Lost)
Alzheimer's Disease
49
is characterized by manic and depressive episodes.
Bipolar disorder
50
is when water molecules move at the same rate in both directions.
isotonic solution
51
has lower solute concentration and has higher water concentration (i.e., less solute, more water).
Hypotonic
52
can cause the cell to swell or even burst due to the intake of water more than the cell can accommodate.
Hypotonic solution
53
has higher solute concentration and has lower water concentration (i.e., more solute, less water).
Hypertonic
54
can cause an animal cell to shrink or shrivel due to water loss.
Hypertonic solution
55
refers to the gradual change in the concentration of solutes in a solution as a function of distance through a solution.
Concentration gradient