gen bio exam

Joshua Timbol · 65問 · 2年前

通報

問題一覧

invented the first primitive microscope.

Zacharias Janssen

observed microorganisms by using his own practical microscope.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

disproved the spontaneous generation theory of Aristotle.

Louise Pasteur

proposed that all plants are composed of cells.

Matthias Schleiden

proposed that all animals are composed of cells.

Theodor Schwann

proposed that all cells come from pre-existing cells.

Rudolf Virchow

The cell has three major divisions, namely, the:

plasma membrane, the cytoplasm, and the nucleus.

is the cell's primary barrier. Cell membrane or plasma membrane separates the cytoplasm from external environment.

plasma membrane

passageway of certain molecules

CHANNEL PROTEINS

change conformation to transport molecules

CARRIER PROTEINS

detect invading pathogens

CELL RECOGNITION PROTEINS

binding of molecules to trigger responses

RECEPTOR PROTEINS

This consists of a network of protein fibers that gives the cell its structural framework. In addition to providing a structural framework to the cell, the _____ also serves other functions such as movement of organelles, macromolecules, and chromosomes.

Cytoskeleton

These consist of helically arranged globular proteins called tubulin.

Microtubules

They consist of long fibers of actin protein, making them the thinnest cytoskeleton. They help facilitate cell and organelle movement. They can help change the shape of the cell.

Microfilaments

Helps maintain cell shape and anchors the cell.

Intermediate Filaments

This is where all different subcellular structures are suspended.

Cytoplasm

is a rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane, and it helps maintain the shape of cells and prevent them from bursting.

Cell Wall

Most bacteria have cell wall made up of _____.

peptidoglycan

The cell wall in some fungi consists of ____ and in plant cell it is made up of cellulose.

chitin

This is a prominent, usually oval structure in a eukaryotic cell. It is in almost the center of the cell.

Nucleus

are the organelles that use instructions from the nucleus, written in mRNA, to build proteins.

Ribosomes

Synthesizes protein.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Synthesizes lipids.

Smooth Endoplasmie Reticulum

These serve functions like a warehouse and processing center, processing products of the ER.

Golgi Body

- These contain enzymes and serve as metabolic assistance to organelles and specialize in synthesizing & breaking down lipids.

Peroxisomes

- These serve as a storage of water, organic nutrients, variety of salts, sugar & some weak acids.

Vacuole

- Powerhouse of the cell.

Mitochondria

are metabolically diverse because they can utilize different nutrients and energy sources, and they can inhabit all types of environments on Earth.

Prokaryotic organisms

Domain Eukarya, which includes protists, fungi, plants, and animals

EUKARYOTIC Organisms

The sterols that are present in the cell membrane are ___

cholesterol (animals), phytosterol (plants) and ergosterol (fungi).

They do not have sterols in the cell membrane but have a sterol-like lipid component called ____.

hopanoid

In eukaryotic cells, individual cells reproduce through ____ and ___?.

mitosis and meiosis

Most prokaryotic cells reproduce through binary fission, and some reproduce through ____.

spores

• Growth of cytoplasm and doubling of organelles • Produce proteins, enzymes, nutrients, and energy • Highest rate of protein synthesis •Movement of centrioles of the centrosomes away to await and assist the events of mitosis

Interphase-Gap 1

Continued growth and the production of materials that are necessary for cell division to occur • Protein synthesis but not at the rate like that of the Gl phase

Events during the Gap 2 phase

• The___ in eukaryotic organisms involves either one of two processes, namely, mitosis and meiosis. Sex cells or gametes undergo meiosis, whereas somatic cells or non-sex cells undergo mitosis.

M phase

is marked by the formation of a cleavage furrow in animal cells. _____ is marked by the formation of a cell plate in plant cells.

Cytokinesis

The chromatin condenses into chromosomes. The nucleolus disintegrates. The mitotic spindle starts to form.

Prophase

The microtubules of the mitotic spindle attach and interact with the kinetochores of the chromosomes. The chromosomes align at the center of the cell, in the metaphase plate.

Metaphase

The mitotic spindle pulls and separates the sister chromatids apart. The chromatids, now called daughter chromatids, are then pulled toward the opposite poles.

Anaphase

Daughter chromatids decondense. In animals, the boundary of the new cells is known as the cleavage furrow. In plants, it is known as the cell plate.

TELOPHASE

SIGNIFICANCE OF MITOSIS

• maintenance of genetic material • growth and development •repair and recovery •asexual reproduction

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF MEIOSIS

• reduction of genetic material and sexual reproduction • inheritance • genetic diversity • survival

Factors that can cause cancer

• Heredity • cigarettes and alcohol • obesity • exposure to radiation • exposure to carcinogens • exposure to pollution

Partial missing chromosome in 24" pair

Turner Syndrome

Skin discolorations are characterized by person with a mosaic form of Klippel-Trénaunay syndrome.

Mosaicisms

causes the brain to shrink and brain cells to eventually die. (Memory Lost)

Alzheimer's Disease

is characterized by manic and depressive episodes.

Bipolar disorder

is when water molecules move at the same rate in both directions.

isotonic solution

has lower solute concentration and has higher water concentration (i.e., less solute, more water).

Hypotonic

can cause the cell to swell or even burst due to the intake of water more than the cell can accommodate.

Hypotonic solution

has higher solute concentration and has lower water concentration (i.e., more solute, less water).

Hypertonic

can cause an animal cell to shrink or shrivel due to water loss.

Hypertonic solution

refers to the gradual change in the concentration of solutes in a solution as a function of distance through a solution.

Concentration gradient

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