invented the first primitive microscope.

observed microorganisms by using his own practical microscope.

disproved the spontaneous generation theory of Aristotle.

proposed that all plants are composed of cells.

proposed that all animals are composed of cells.

proposed that all cells come from pre-existing cells.

The cell has three major divisions, namely, the:

is the cell's primary barrier. Cell membrane or plasma membrane separates the cytoplasm from external environment.

passageway of certain molecules

change conformation to transport molecules

detect invading pathogens

binding of molecules to trigger responses

This consists of a network of protein fibers that gives the cell its structural framework. In addition to providing a structural framework to the cell, the _____ also serves other functions such as movement of organelles, macromolecules, and chromosomes.

These consist of helically arranged globular proteins called tubulin.

They consist of long fibers of actin protein, making them the thinnest cytoskeleton. They help facilitate cell and organelle movement. They can help change the shape of the cell.

Helps maintain cell shape and anchors the cell.

This is where all different subcellular structures are suspended.

is a rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane, and it helps maintain the shape of cells and prevent them from bursting.

Most bacteria have cell wall made up of _____.

The cell wall in some fungi consists of ____ and in plant cell it is made up of cellulose.

This is a prominent, usually oval structure in a eukaryotic cell. It is in almost the center of the cell.

are the organelles that use instructions from the nucleus, written in mRNA, to build proteins.

Synthesizes protein.

Synthesizes lipids.

These serve functions like a warehouse and processing center, processing products of the ER.

- These contain enzymes and serve as metabolic assistance to organelles and specialize in synthesizing & breaking down lipids.

- These serve as a storage of water, organic nutrients, variety of salts, sugar & some weak acids.

- Powerhouse of the cell.

are metabolically diverse because they can utilize different nutrients and energy sources, and they can inhabit all types of environments on Earth.

Domain Eukarya, which includes protists, fungi, plants, and animals

The sterols that are present in the cell membrane are ___

They do not have sterols in the cell membrane but have a sterol-like lipid component called ____.

In eukaryotic cells, individual cells reproduce through ____ and ___?.

Most prokaryotic cells reproduce through binary fission, and some reproduce through ____.

• Growth of cytoplasm and doubling of organelles • Produce proteins, enzymes, nutrients, and energy • Highest rate of protein synthesis •Movement of centrioles of the centrosomes away to await and assist the events of mitosis

Continued growth and the production of materials that are necessary for cell division to occur • Protein synthesis but not at the rate like that of the Gl phase

• The___ in eukaryotic organisms involves either one of two processes, namely, mitosis and meiosis. Sex cells or gametes undergo meiosis, whereas somatic cells or non-sex cells undergo mitosis.

is marked by the formation of a cleavage furrow in animal cells. _____ is marked by the formation of a cell plate in plant cells.

The chromatin condenses into chromosomes. The nucleolus disintegrates. The mitotic spindle starts to form.

The microtubules of the mitotic spindle attach and interact with the kinetochores of the chromosomes. The chromosomes align at the center of the cell, in the metaphase plate.

The mitotic spindle pulls and separates the sister chromatids apart. The chromatids, now called daughter chromatids, are then pulled toward the opposite poles.

Daughter chromatids decondense. In animals, the boundary of the new cells is known as the cleavage furrow. In plants, it is known as the cell plate.

SIGNIFICANCE OF MITOSIS

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF MEIOSIS

Factors that can cause cancer

Partial missing chromosome in 24" pair

Skin discolorations are characterized by person with a mosaic form of Klippel-Trénaunay syndrome.

causes the brain to shrink and brain cells to eventually die. (Memory Lost)

is characterized by manic and depressive episodes.

is when water molecules move at the same rate in both directions.

has lower solute concentration and has higher water concentration (i.e., less solute, more water).

can cause the cell to swell or even burst due to the intake of water more than the cell can accommodate.

has higher solute concentration and has lower water concentration (i.e., more solute, less water).

can cause an animal cell to shrink or shrivel due to water loss.

refers to the gradual change in the concentration of solutes in a solution as a function of distance through a solution.