問題一覧
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Stem cells
Self - renewed, undifferentiated
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Progenitory cells
Proliferation
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Differentiated cells
Perform their specialised functions
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Cell cycle
Interphase, mitotic phase, therminal phase
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Interphase
G1,S,G2
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Phase S
Replication
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Replication
Each chromosome is duplicated
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Mitotic phases
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
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Chromosome structure
Centromere, Chromatid
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Type of chromosome?
Metacentric
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Type of chromosome?
Submetacentric
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Type of chromosome?
Acrocentric
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Type of chromosome?
Telocentric
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Kariotype human
22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes
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Types of cell death
Necrosis, apoptosis, autophagy, senescence, mitotic catastrophe
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Plasmallema components
The lipid bilayer, membrane proteins
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Membrane proteins
Inner, surface, transmembrane
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Membrane transport
Passive ( no energy required ), active ( energy required )
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Passive transport
Simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion
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Active transport
Exocytosis, endocytosis
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Endocytosis
Phagocytosis, pinocytosis, potocytosis
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Cell membranes
Plasmalemma, innermembrane
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Cytosol components
Water, ions, macromolecules
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Cytosol organisation
Cytoskeleton, protein complexes, protein compartments
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Cytoskeleton
Microfilements - actin filaments, Macrofilaments - myosin filaments, Microtubules, Intermediate filaments - neurofilaments
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Nucleus
Nuclear envelope with nuclear pore, Nucleolus, Nucleoplasm, Chromatin
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Fibrillar centers nucleolus
Pars fibrosa, Pars granulosa, Nucleolar matrix
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Function of nucleolus
rRNA synthesis, ribosomal assembly
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Chromatin
DNA double helix complexed with histone and nonhistone proteins
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Types of chromatin
Heterochromatin, euchromatin
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What is transcribed in the nucleus?
mRNA, tRNA
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What is transcribed in the region of nucleolus?
rRNA
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mRNA function
Carries the genetic code to the cytoplasm to direct protein synthesis
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tRNA function
Carries aminoacids to ribosomes where they are linked into proteins
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rRNA function
Associates with many different proteins to form ribosomes
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Transcription
Particular segment of DNA is copied into mRNA
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Are ribosomes membranus?
No
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What do ribosomes consist of?
Small (40s) and large (60s) subunit
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Free ribosomes
Synthesize the protein not destined for transport
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Ribosomes bound to membrane (RER)
Synthesize proteins destined for transport
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RER consists of?
Cisterna, ribosomes
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SER consists of ?
Tubules and vesicles
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RER functions
Synthesis of proteins including secretory, plasma membrane and lysosomal proteins, Monitors the assembly, retention and degradation of certain proteins
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SER functions
Synthesis of steroid hormones, phospholipids, cholesterol, Detoxifying harmful chemicals in liver cells
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Translation
The process in which ribosomes create proteins
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Translation stages
Initiation, elongation, translocation, termination
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Golgi apparatus main function
Recycles and redistributes membranes
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Mitschonria shape
Rod - shaped
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Mitochondria membranes
Inner, outer
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Mitschondria are subdivided into?
Intermembrane compartment, matrix compartment
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Main function of mitochondria
Produce high - energy ATP molecules
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Lysosomes are filled with?
Hydrolizing or digesting enzymes
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Lysosomes are produced by?
Golgi apparatus
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Lysosomes - functions
Intracellular digestion, Intercellular phagocytosis
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Intracellular digestion
Microorganisms, Cellular debris, Worn - out cells or cell organelles
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Lipid droplets function
Energy storage
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Selected histological techniques
Light microscopy techniques, Electron microscopy techniques, Histochemistry techniques, Immunocytochemistry techniques, Fluorescence techniques
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Electron microscopy techniques
Transmition ( TEM ), Scanning ( SEM )
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Cellular pigments
Lipofuscin, Melanin
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Histochemistry techniques - find?
Macromolecules
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Immunocytochemistry techniques - find?
Proteins, antigens
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Fluorescence techniques - find?
Organelles, cytoskeleton
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Main stages of preparation of histology slides
Specimen collection, Fixing, Processing, Embedding, Sectioning, Staining, Analysis
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A- midline, B- peripheral, C- tengential
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A - longitudinal, B - tangential, C - oblique, D, E,F - transvers / cross