accentuated plantar roll off the mat, vertical shift of COG, dominant plantar flexors

localised pathological (compensatory), generalised pathological , constitutional

tuberculum major, inferior lateral border scapula, external shoulder rotation

dorsiflexion: 0-30, plantar flexion: 0-50, inversion: 0-50, eversion: 0-30

Fixation, lateroflexion, rotation, extension

determined by anatomical structures, limited by soft tissue tension

True

Linea aspera, pubis, hip adduction, hip flexion

Linea apera of femur, pubis, hip adduction, hip flexion

Fixation, lateral flexion of cervical spine, depression of shoulder

pain, muscle weakness

Trochanter minor, superior iliac fossa, hip flexion

Tibia, ischiopubic ramus, knee flexion, hip adduction, internal hip rotation

flexion mcp: 0-80, extension mcp: 0-80

number of steps per minute, longer limbs have slower cadence

Trochanter minor, transverse processes L1-L5, hip flexion

Coracoid process, 3-5 ribs, scapula depression, protraction, rib elevation

walking slower or faster, walking on tiptoes (S1 lesion, shortened triceps surae), walking on heels (L5 lesions, peronei muscle), squatting gate (L4 lesion), over obstacles

supine, knees bent, 90 degrees in shoulder and elbow, forearm at 20 degrees from table

standing on tiptoes, standing on heels, single leg stance

Heel strike, Loading response , Midstance, Terminal Stance, Preswing, Initial and mid swing, Terminal swing

Supine, knees bent, 90 degrees in shoulder and elbow, lies on table

right crutch+left foot, left crutch+right foot

cmc: 0-50, mcp: 0-80, ip: 0-80

Calcaneus, femur, plantar flexion

flexion : 0-50, extension: 0-90

Superior tibia, ischial tuberosity, knee flexion, hip extension

True

Bicipital groove, clavicle and sternum, humerus adduction, medial rotation, flexion and extension

Femur, pubis, hip adduction, hip flexion

1- norm, 2- slightly impaired, pressed toes, 3- moderately impaired, claw toes, 4- significantly impaired, changed position of toes

Medial condyle tibia, ischial tuberosity, knee flexion, hip extension

hard impact on heels, most movement in hip , little unwinding of foot

prone to develop tightness, readily activated during most dynamic movements , atrophy less quickly than stabilisation muscles , over dominant in new movement situations, compensation during fatigue

Intertubercular groove humerus, spinous processes T7-12, scapula, iliac crest, humerus adduction, extension, medial rotation

A line that is analogous to the gravity line around which the body is in equilibrium

increased , decreased: degeneration, dislocation, fracture, edema

backwards , to both sides, forward

weak: deep neck flexors, lower traps, serratus anterior, tight: upper traps, levator scapulae, pectorals

Medial scapula, transverse processes C1-C4, scapula elevation, rotation, neck extension, lateroflexion

static examination of posture , dynamic spine examination , specific testing , modification of standing

passive appose thumb to forearm, passively extend fifth mcp more than 90, hyperextend elbow more than 10, hyperextend knee more than 10, place palms on the floor

stability of stance

bad plantar and hip flexion, increased knee flexion, overloaded internal hip rotators

tight: erector spinae, hip flexors , weak: abdominals, gluteus Maximus

Fixation, flexion of cervical spine, lateroflexion, rotation, depression of shoulder

visual confirmation , Non visual confirmation (proprioceptive and vestibular input) , normally functioning cerebellum

joint dislocations, joint sublucations, bone fractures, tendon rupture

Linea aspera and femur, pubis and ischial tuberosity, hip adduction, hip flexion, hip extension

1- stand with normal base of support , 2- stand with feet together , 3- stand with feet together and closed eyes

deflection of patients centre of gravity

flexion: 0-120, extension: 0-30, abduction: 0-30, adduction: 0-30, internal rotation: 0-30, external rotation: 0-60

pain, joint problems, trigger mechanisms, articular

Greater tubercle of humerus, infraspinous fossa, shoulder external rotation

12th rib and transverse processes of L1-L4, iliac crest, assist inspiration and stabilisation of spine and pelvis

plumb line , static segmental alignment, palpation of pelvis

true

measure the amount of available active and passive motion, describe abnormal fixed joint positions, assess effectiveness of intervention therapy

prone to weakness and inhibition , less activated during most dynamic movements , atrophy more quickly than postural muscles , fatigue easily during dynamic movements , require specialised training to optimize function

incongruence of articular surfaces, deformity of bone ends, changes in joint capsule

dignity of patient must be preserved, specified starting position must be maintained , before measurment examiner determines axis of movement, center of goniometer is applied to axis of movement, fixed arm of goniometer is parallel to stationary part of body

Calcaneus, condyles of femur, plantar flexion

Clavicula and acromion and scapula, nuchal line and spinous processes C7-T12, Scapula elevation, depression, adduction, rotation, neck extension, lateroflexion

length of foot

Calcaneus, head of fibula, plantar flexion

Supine, bent knees, palms up, shoulder lies on table

Fascia of iliotibial tract, ASIS, hip abduction, hip internal rotation

right crutch, left foot, left crutch, right foot

Intertubercular groove humerus, medial scapula, shoulder adduction, extension, internal rotation

both crutches+ left foot, right foot

extension: 0-85, flexion: 0-85, radial duction: 0-15 , ulnar duction: 0-35

Iliopectineal eminence, vertebral bodies of T12-L1, trunk flexion

flexion: 0-180, extension: 0-50, abduction: 0-180, internal rotation: 0-95, external rotation: 0-80

Supine, knees bent, arms above head, touch the table

Tuberculum minor, subscapular fossa, shoulder internal rotation

left crutch, right crutch, left foot, right foot

flexion extension: 0-60

sagittal, frontal, transverse, rotation

Temporal bone, manubrium and clavicle, lateral flexion, contralateral rotation, neck extension, flexion

both crutches, left foot, right foot

joint position indicates which muscles are shortened or elongated, correlation exists between alignment and state of muscles , muscle weakness allows separation of the parts to which muscle is attached, muscle shortness holds the parts to which muscle is atached closer together , stretch weakness can occur in one joint muscles that remain in elongated condition, adaptive shortening can develop in muscles that remain in a shortened condition

Patella, trochanter major, knee extension

Patella, intertrochanteric line, knee extension

flexion and extension 0-145, pronation: 0-85, supination: 0-90

general laxity of Connective tissues, muscles, ligaments

Tibial tuberosity, inferior iliac spine, knee extension, hip flexion

Measure above nipples in maximal expiration and inspiration, difference should be 3-7.5cm

Arm in 135 degrees, drops to table

visual estimation, inclinometer, goniometer, x-ray, kinematogrophy

Head of fibula, ischial tuberosity and femur, knee flexion, hip extension

rhomberg test 1-3 , trendelenburg test, vele test, standing on two scales

tend to have lower muscle tone, more prone to overuse

Trochanter major, S2-4, hip lateral rotation and abduction

inflammation, analgesics, osteoporosis, severe hypermobility

L5 root lesson on heels , S1 root lesion on toes

Deltoid tuberosity humerus, clavicle, acromion, scapula, shoulder abduction, flexion, extension, medial, lateral rotation