Arm in 135 degrees, drops to table

Supine, bent knees, palms up, shoulder lies on table

Supine, knees bent, arms above head, touch the table

Supine, knees bent, 90 degrees in shoulder and elbow, lies on table

supine, knees bent, 90 degrees in shoulder and elbow, forearm at 20 degrees from table

Fixation, lateral flexion of cervical spine, depression of shoulder

Fixation, flexion of cervical spine, lateroflexion, rotation, depression of shoulder

Fixation, lateroflexion, rotation, extension

Measure above nipples in maximal expiration and inspiration, difference should be 3-7.5cm

Calcaneus, head of fibula, plantar flexion

Calcaneus, condyles of femur, plantar flexion

Calcaneus, femur, plantar flexion

Patella, intertrochanteric line, knee extension

Patella, trochanter major, knee extension

Tibial tuberosity, inferior iliac spine, knee extension, hip flexion

Superior tibia, ischial tuberosity, knee flexion, hip extension

Medial condyle tibia, ischial tuberosity, knee flexion, hip extension

Head of fibula, ischial tuberosity and femur, knee flexion, hip extension

Tibia, ischiopubic ramus, knee flexion, hip adduction, internal hip rotation

Trochanter minor, superior iliac fossa, hip flexion

Trochanter minor, transverse processes L1-L5, hip flexion

Iliopectineal eminence, vertebral bodies of T12-L1, trunk flexion

Fascia of iliotibial tract, ASIS, hip abduction, hip internal rotation

Femur, pubis, hip adduction, hip flexion

Linea apera of femur, pubis, hip adduction, hip flexion

Linea aspera, pubis, hip adduction, hip flexion

Linea aspera and femur, pubis and ischial tuberosity, hip adduction, hip flexion, hip extension

12th rib and transverse processes of L1-L4, iliac crest, assist inspiration and stabilisation of spine and pelvis

Trochanter major, S2-4, hip lateral rotation and abduction

Bicipital groove, clavicle and sternum, humerus adduction, medial rotation, flexion and extension

Coracoid process, 3-5 ribs, scapula depression, protraction, rib elevation

Intertubercular groove humerus, medial scapula, shoulder adduction, extension, internal rotation

Intertubercular groove humerus, spinous processes T7-12, scapula, iliac crest, humerus adduction, extension, medial rotation

Tuberculum minor, subscapular fossa, shoulder internal rotation

Deltoid tuberosity humerus, clavicle, acromion, scapula, shoulder abduction, flexion, extension, medial, lateral rotation

Greater tubercle of humerus, infraspinous fossa, shoulder external rotation

Clavicula and acromion and scapula, nuchal line and spinous processes C7-T12, Scapula elevation, depression, adduction, rotation, neck extension, lateroflexion

Temporal bone, manubrium and clavicle, lateral flexion, contralateral rotation, neck extension, flexion

Medial scapula, transverse processes C1-C4, scapula elevation, rotation, neck extension, lateroflexion

tuberculum major, inferior lateral border scapula, external shoulder rotation

A line that is analogous to the gravity line around which the body is in equilibrium

plumb line , static segmental alignment, palpation of pelvis

static examination of posture , dynamic spine examination , specific testing , modification of standing

rhomberg test 1-3 , trendelenburg test, vele test, standing on two scales

standing on tiptoes, standing on heels, single leg stance

True

true

stability of stance

length of foot

backwards , to both sides, forward

1- stand with normal base of support , 2- stand with feet together , 3- stand with feet together and closed eyes

visual confirmation , Non visual confirmation (proprioceptive and vestibular input) , normally functioning cerebellum

1- norm, 2- slightly impaired, pressed toes, 3- moderately impaired, claw toes, 4- significantly impaired, changed position of toes

L5 root lesson on heels , S1 root lesion on toes

deflection of patients centre of gravity

joint position indicates which muscles are shortened or elongated, correlation exists between alignment and state of muscles , muscle weakness allows separation of the parts to which muscle is attached, muscle shortness holds the parts to which muscle is atached closer together , stretch weakness can occur in one joint muscles that remain in elongated condition, adaptive shortening can develop in muscles that remain in a shortened condition

prone to develop tightness, readily activated during most dynamic movements , atrophy less quickly than stabilisation muscles , over dominant in new movement situations, compensation during fatigue

prone to weakness and inhibition , less activated during most dynamic movements , atrophy more quickly than postural muscles , fatigue easily during dynamic movements , require specialised training to optimize function

weak: deep neck flexors, lower traps, serratus anterior, tight: upper traps, levator scapulae, pectorals

tight: erector spinae, hip flexors , weak: abdominals, gluteus Maximus

Heel strike, Loading response , Midstance, Terminal Stance, Preswing, Initial and mid swing, Terminal swing

number of steps per minute, longer limbs have slower cadence

True

walking slower or faster, walking on tiptoes (S1 lesion, shortened triceps surae), walking on heels (L5 lesions, peronei muscle), squatting gate (L4 lesion), over obstacles

accentuated plantar roll off the mat, vertical shift of COG, dominant plantar flexors

hard impact on heels, most movement in hip , little unwinding of foot

bad plantar and hip flexion, increased knee flexion, overloaded internal hip rotators

left crutch, right crutch, left foot, right foot

both crutches, left foot, right foot

both crutches+ left foot, right foot

right crutch, left foot, left crutch, right foot

right crutch+left foot, left crutch+right foot

dignity of patient must be preserved, specified starting position must be maintained , before measurment examiner determines axis of movement, center of goniometer is applied to axis of movement, fixed arm of goniometer is parallel to stationary part of body

visual estimation, inclinometer, goniometer, x-ray, kinematogrophy

measure the amount of available active and passive motion, describe abnormal fixed joint positions, assess effectiveness of intervention therapy

pain, muscle weakness

incongruence of articular surfaces, deformity of bone ends, changes in joint capsule

determined by anatomical structures, limited by soft tissue tension

increased , decreased: degeneration, dislocation, fracture, edema

joint dislocations, joint sublucations, bone fractures, tendon rupture

inflammation, analgesics, osteoporosis, severe hypermobility

sagittal, frontal, transverse, rotation

flexion: 0-180, extension: 0-50, abduction: 0-180, internal rotation: 0-95, external rotation: 0-80

flexion and extension 0-145, pronation: 0-85, supination: 0-90

extension: 0-85, flexion: 0-85, radial duction: 0-15 , ulnar duction: 0-35

cmc: 0-50, mcp: 0-80, ip: 0-80

flexion mcp: 0-80, extension mcp: 0-80

flexion: 0-120, extension: 0-30, abduction: 0-30, adduction: 0-30, internal rotation: 0-30, external rotation: 0-60

flexion extension: 0-60

dorsiflexion: 0-30, plantar flexion: 0-50, inversion: 0-50, eversion: 0-30

flexion : 0-50, extension: 0-90

tend to have lower muscle tone, more prone to overuse

general laxity of Connective tissues, muscles, ligaments

localised pathological (compensatory), generalised pathological , constitutional

pain, joint problems, trigger mechanisms, articular

passive appose thumb to forearm, passively extend fifth mcp more than 90, hyperextend elbow more than 10, hyperextend knee more than 10, place palms on the floor