Causative agent of Lyme disease

Arrangement of bacteria in pairs is also known as

Arrangement of bacteria in single is also known as

Arrangement of bacteria is chains is also known as

Arrangement of bacteria in cluster is also known as

8-membered cocci formation of bacteria

Comparison of the Cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria, eukarya, and archeae

The membrane structure of archaea may be

Are extremely resistant (R) to heat. Therefore, widely distributed among hyperthermophilic archaea

Organisms that grow best at temperatures above ↑ 80 °C

All bacteria have a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan except

Petidoglycan is made up of

Rigid layer is a polysaccharide composed of 2 sugar derivatives

Rigid layer is also composed of a few amino acids

Facilitate passage of small, hydrophilic molecules into the cell.

In the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria → channels allow the entry of essential substances such as

Example of Gram-negative bacteria

Most common cause of Urinary tract infection

Has small amounts of peptidoglycan in the cell wall

Has several sheets of peptidoglycan stacked from one another

Its cell wall mostly consists of outer membrane called lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

Does not contain outer membrane

Gram staining Mnemonics

Has thicker and multilayer peptidoglycan layer

Has thinner peptidoglycan layer

Has teichoic acid in its layer

Has lipopolysaccharide and periplasmic space in its layer

Outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria contains

All gram positive bacteria have NO ENDOTOXIN EXCEPT FOR

Are absent from the cell walls of Archaea.

A variety of cell wall types are found in Archaea including those that contain

The backbone of pseudomurein is formed from the alternating repeats of

Cell wall of some archaea lacks pseudomurein and instead contain other polysaccharides like in cases of methanosarcina sp. they contain

Lipoprotein bilayer without sterols

Site of oxidative and ETC enzymes

Serves as a permeability barrier

Prevent passage of leakage of solutes into and out of the cell

Prevent passage of leakage of solutes into and out of the cell

The membrane is an anchor for many proteins some of this are enzymes that function in the energy conservation and transport of solutes into and out of the cell

Major site for energy conservation in the prokaryotic cell via the proton motive force

RNA and protein in 50s and 30s subunits

Major function is for protein synthesis

Invagination of plasma membrane

Participates in cell division and secretion

Space between plasma membrane and outer membrane

Contains many hydrolytic enzyme beta lactamases

The enzyme periplasm contains

Essential components of bacteria

Non essential components of bacteria

Mediates adherences to surfaces that acts as biofilms

Two types of glycocalyx

Loosely organized and attached

Highly organized and tightly attached

Can be lost from the cell surface

Adhere firmly to the cell wall and some are even covalently link to the petidoglycan

Common features of slime layer and capsule

Many prokaryotes become motile via swimming through

Parts of the flagella:

Long, thin, helical structure composed of protein flagellin.

Curved sheath

Stacks of rings firmly anchored in cell wall.

Flagella can rotate

Responsible for the motility of the cell, and guide the direction of the bacteria in response to a stimulus

Chemical stimulus

Light stimulus

Flagellar arrangements

Single flagellum at one end

Two flagellum each protruding from either ends of the cell.

Small bunches of flagella emerging from one end

Flagella is dispersed over the surface of the cell.

Filament of flagella is made up of protein

Rigid tubular structure made of pilin proteins.

Found only in gram-negative cells

Functions to join bacterial cells for partial DNA transfer called conjugation.

Partial DNA transfer

Basically facilitates genetic exchange.

Fine, proteinaceous, hairlike bristles emerging from the cell surface.

Extends from the cell surfaces, enabling cells to stick to surfaces and form pellicles (liquid) and biofilms (solid).

Function in adhesion to other cells and surfaces

All bacterial capsules are composed of polysaccharide except

Formed by gram-positive rods, only found in Bacillus and Clostridium spp

Spore is formed by

Spore can only be found among