is a process; involves 2 or more people; encompasses verbal and nonverbal manners or both at the same time

source of information or message/center; initiator of the communication process

information, ideas, or thoughts conveyed by the speaker in words or in actions; what the speaker wants to convey; may be words or actions

process of converting the message into words, actions, or other forms that the speaker understands

medium or the means, personal or nonpersonal, verbal or nonverbal, in which the encoded message is conveyed

process of interpreting the encoded message of the speaker by the receiver

recipient of the message or someone who decodes the message

reactions, responses, or information provided by the receiver

environment where communication takes place

factors that affect the flow of communication

depicts communication as a linear or one-way process consisting of five (5) elements; mother of all communication models;

two-way process with the inclusion of feedback as an element;

includes a feedback loop and the process of encoding, decoding, and interpretation

control behavior

allows individuals to interact with others

motivates or encourages people to live better

facilitates people’s expression of their feelings and emotions

conveys information

essential to the quality of the communication process in general; communication should include everything that the receiver needs to hear for them to respond, react, or evaluate properly

does not mean keeping the message short, but making it direct or straight to the point;

the speaker should always consider relevant information about the receiver (mood, background, race, preference, education, status, and needs); to easily build rapport with the receiver

the message is concrete and supported by facts, figures, and real-life examples and situations; makes the receiver more connected to the message conveyed

the speaker shows courtesy in communication by respecting the culture, values, and beliefs of their receivers; being courteous creates a positive impact on the receivers

implies the use of simple and specific words to express ideas; achieved when the speaker focuses on a single objective in their speech so as not to confuse the receivers

correctness in grammar eliminates negative impact on the receivers and increases the credibility and clarity of the message

interaction in which words are used to relay a message; for effective and successful verbal communications, express ideas by using words, which can be easily understood by the person you are talking to

the language that you use should be appropriate to the environment or occasion (ex. formal or informal)

speakers who often use simple yet precise and powerful words are found to be more credible;

the meaning of words, feelings, or ideas may be interpreted differently by a listener; it is essential to clearly state your message and express your ideas or feelings

words should be carefully chosen in consideration of the gender, roles, ethnicity, preferences, and status of the person or people you are talking to

words that vividly or creatively describe things or feelings usually add color and spice to communication;

an interaction where behavior is used to convey and represent meanings;

attitudes and behavior of certain social, ethnic, or age groups; way of life, general customs, and beliefs of a particular group of people at a particular time

a belief that one culture is lesser (inferior), resulting in looking up on/to another culture

a belief that one’s culture is better (superior) than others

a person’s beliefs and practices should be understood based on that person’s own culture; looking at a culture based on its standards and perspectives

sending and receiving of messages across languages and cultures

failure to recognize cultural differences; tendency to stereotype

existence of superiority complex (ethnocentrism) vs. inferiority complex (xenocentrism) towards a culture

banking on the universality of ideas rather than on cultural differences

begins to appreciate/appreciation of cultural differences in behavior and values

open-mindedness towards varied world views; very open to world views when accepting new perspectives

evidence of multifarious cultural viewpoints; start to go beyond their own cultures and see themselves and their actions based on multifarious cultural viewpoints

Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity

number of people; the environment in which the speech takes place; can be classified into intrapersonal and interpersonal

communication that centers on one person where the speaker acts both as the sender and the receiver of the message

involves 2 or more people; contextual in nature; classified into four

communication that occurs between 2 people

face-to-face discussion/interaction towards a goal among 3 to 10 individuals; communication is a 2-way process

delivering or sending a message before or in front of a group; 1 speaker that has absolute control/authority

communication taking place through media (TV, radio, the net, books, newspapers, etc.);

the context dictates and affects the way people communicate,

this style is private, which occurs between or among close family members or intimate individuals;

this style is common among peers and friends;

this style is the standard one; professional or mutually acceptable language (respect) is a must in this style

this style is used in formal settings; one-way (unlike consultative style)

this style is “frozen” in time and remains unchanged; mostly occurs in ceremonies;

contextual utterances made by a speaker for an intended effect;

the actual act of uttering

social function of the utterance/reflects the intent of the speaker

sharing what you believe in

asking a person to do a task

commit; promising to do something

conveying your emotions

changing an external situation

the result of the utterance

form of the utterance and the intended meaning has no connection

statements that must be said at the right time, by the right person, and at the right place for a change to happen

speaker carries out a nomination to collaboratively and productively establish a topic

any limitation you may have as a speaker

process by which people decide who takes the conversational floor; the primary idea is to give all communicators a chance to speak

covers how procedural formality or informality affects the development of topics in conversations

involves moving from one topic to another; it is where one part of a conversation ends and where another begins

how speakers address the problems in speaking, listening, and comprehending that they may encounter in a conversation; self-righting mechanism in any social interaction

the conversation participants’ close-initiating expressions that end a topic in a conversation; takes responsibility for signaling the end of the discussion

close-ended questions; offers; enumerations

statements (those usually ending in a period); exclamation

hand movements/gestures; head movements; posture; facial expressions; proxemics; leg/foot movements; physical appearance; tongue clicking; lip biting