process of interpreting the encoded message of the speaker by the receiver

commit; promising to do something

changing an external situation

the context dictates and affects the way people communicate,

hand movements/gestures; head movements; posture; facial expressions; proxemics; leg/foot movements; physical appearance; tongue clicking; lip biting

this style is used in formal settings; one-way (unlike consultative style)

the language that you use should be appropriate to the environment or occasion (ex. formal or informal)

factors that affect the flow of communication

Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity

involves 2 or more people; contextual in nature; classified into four

the actual act of uttering

banking on the universality of ideas rather than on cultural differences

implies the use of simple and specific words to express ideas; achieved when the speaker focuses on a single objective in their speech so as not to confuse the receivers

a belief that one culture is lesser (inferior), resulting in looking up on/to another culture

correctness in grammar eliminates negative impact on the receivers and increases the credibility and clarity of the message

includes a feedback loop and the process of encoding, decoding, and interpretation

speaker carries out a nomination to collaboratively and productively establish a topic

covers how procedural formality or informality affects the development of topics in conversations

the conversation participants’ close-initiating expressions that end a topic in a conversation; takes responsibility for signaling the end of the discussion

allows individuals to interact with others

face-to-face discussion/interaction towards a goal among 3 to 10 individuals; communication is a 2-way process

asking a person to do a task

is a process; involves 2 or more people; encompasses verbal and nonverbal manners or both at the same time

open-mindedness towards varied world views; very open to world views when accepting new perspectives

how speakers address the problems in speaking, listening, and comprehending that they may encounter in a conversation; self-righting mechanism in any social interaction

form of the utterance and the intended meaning has no connection

source of information or message/center; initiator of the communication process

motivates or encourages people to live better

delivering or sending a message before or in front of a group; 1 speaker that has absolute control/authority

number of people; the environment in which the speech takes place; can be classified into intrapersonal and interpersonal

this style is common among peers and friends;

involves moving from one topic to another; it is where one part of a conversation ends and where another begins

begins to appreciate/appreciation of cultural differences in behavior and values

words should be carefully chosen in consideration of the gender, roles, ethnicity, preferences, and status of the person or people you are talking to

environment where communication takes place

process by which people decide who takes the conversational floor; the primary idea is to give all communicators a chance to speak

words that vividly or creatively describe things or feelings usually add color and spice to communication;

a person’s beliefs and practices should be understood based on that person’s own culture; looking at a culture based on its standards and perspectives

reactions, responses, or information provided by the receiver

evidence of multifarious cultural viewpoints; start to go beyond their own cultures and see themselves and their actions based on multifarious cultural viewpoints

conveys information

the result of the utterance

interaction in which words are used to relay a message; for effective and successful verbal communications, express ideas by using words, which can be easily understood by the person you are talking to

facilitates people’s expression of their feelings and emotions

depicts communication as a linear or one-way process consisting of five (5) elements; mother of all communication models;

recipient of the message or someone who decodes the message

speakers who often use simple yet precise and powerful words are found to be more credible;

any limitation you may have as a speaker

control behavior

essential to the quality of the communication process in general; communication should include everything that the receiver needs to hear for them to respond, react, or evaluate properly

this style is the standard one; professional or mutually acceptable language (respect) is a must in this style

contextual utterances made by a speaker for an intended effect;

statements (those usually ending in a period); exclamation

communication that occurs between 2 people

this style is “frozen” in time and remains unchanged; mostly occurs in ceremonies;

failure to recognize cultural differences; tendency to stereotype

conveying your emotions

the message is concrete and supported by facts, figures, and real-life examples and situations; makes the receiver more connected to the message conveyed

a belief that one’s culture is better (superior) than others

does not mean keeping the message short, but making it direct or straight to the point;

attitudes and behavior of certain social, ethnic, or age groups; way of life, general customs, and beliefs of a particular group of people at a particular time

information, ideas, or thoughts conveyed by the speaker in words or in actions; what the speaker wants to convey; may be words or actions

statements that must be said at the right time, by the right person, and at the right place for a change to happen

sending and receiving of messages across languages and cultures

close-ended questions; offers; enumerations

process of converting the message into words, actions, or other forms that the speaker understands

an interaction where behavior is used to convey and represent meanings;

this style is private, which occurs between or among close family members or intimate individuals;

the speaker shows courtesy in communication by respecting the culture, values, and beliefs of their receivers; being courteous creates a positive impact on the receivers

communication taking place through media (TV, radio, the net, books, newspapers, etc.);

two-way process with the inclusion of feedback as an element;

the speaker should always consider relevant information about the receiver (mood, background, race, preference, education, status, and needs); to easily build rapport with the receiver

communication that centers on one person where the speaker acts both as the sender and the receiver of the message

the meaning of words, feelings, or ideas may be interpreted differently by a listener; it is essential to clearly state your message and express your ideas or feelings

social function of the utterance/reflects the intent of the speaker

medium or the means, personal or nonpersonal, verbal or nonverbal, in which the encoded message is conveyed

existence of superiority complex (ethnocentrism) vs. inferiority complex (xenocentrism) towards a culture

sharing what you believe in