OC
問題一覧
1
is a process; involves 2 or more people; encompasses verbal and nonverbal manners or both at the same time
communication
2
source of information or message/center; initiator of the communication process
speaker
3
information, ideas, or thoughts conveyed by the speaker in words or in actions; what the speaker wants to convey; may be words or actions
message
4
process of converting the message into words, actions, or other forms that the speaker understands
encoding
5
medium or the means, personal or nonpersonal, verbal or nonverbal, in which the encoded message is conveyed
channel
6
process of interpreting the encoded message of the speaker by the receiver
decoding
7
recipient of the message or someone who decodes the message
receiver
8
reactions, responses, or information provided by the receiver
feedback
9
environment where communication takes place
context
10
factors that affect the flow of communication
barriers
11
depicts communication as a linear or one-way process consisting of five (5) elements; mother of all communication models;
shannon weaver model
12
two-way process with the inclusion of feedback as an element;
transaction model
13
includes a feedback loop and the process of encoding, decoding, and interpretation
schramm model
14
control behavior
control
15
allows individuals to interact with others
social interaction
16
motivates or encourages people to live better
motivation
17
facilitates people’s expression of their feelings and emotions
emotional expression
18
conveys information
information dissemination
19
essential to the quality of the communication process in general; communication should include everything that the receiver needs to hear for them to respond, react, or evaluate properly
completeness
20
does not mean keeping the message short, but making it direct or straight to the point;
conciseness
21
the speaker should always consider relevant information about the receiver (mood, background, race, preference, education, status, and needs); to easily build rapport with the receiver
consideration
22
the message is concrete and supported by facts, figures, and real-life examples and situations; makes the receiver more connected to the message conveyed
concreteness
23
the speaker shows courtesy in communication by respecting the culture, values, and beliefs of their receivers; being courteous creates a positive impact on the receivers
courtesy
24
implies the use of simple and specific words to express ideas; achieved when the speaker focuses on a single objective in their speech so as not to confuse the receivers
clearness
25
correctness in grammar eliminates negative impact on the receivers and increases the credibility and clarity of the message
correctness
26
interaction in which words are used to relay a message; for effective and successful verbal communications, express ideas by using words, which can be easily understood by the person you are talking to
verbal communication
27
the language that you use should be appropriate to the environment or occasion (ex. formal or informal)
appropriateness
28
speakers who often use simple yet precise and powerful words are found to be more credible;
brevity
29
the meaning of words, feelings, or ideas may be interpreted differently by a listener; it is essential to clearly state your message and express your ideas or feelings
clarity
30
words should be carefully chosen in consideration of the gender, roles, ethnicity, preferences, and status of the person or people you are talking to
ethics
31
words that vividly or creatively describe things or feelings usually add color and spice to communication;
vividness
32
an interaction where behavior is used to convey and represent meanings;
nonverbal communication
33
attitudes and behavior of certain social, ethnic, or age groups; way of life, general customs, and beliefs of a particular group of people at a particular time
culture
34
a belief that one culture is lesser (inferior), resulting in looking up on/to another culture
xenocentrism
35
a belief that one’s culture is better (superior) than others
ethnocentrism
36
a person’s beliefs and practices should be understood based on that person’s own culture; looking at a culture based on its standards and perspectives
cultural relativism
37
sending and receiving of messages across languages and cultures
internal communication
38
failure to recognize cultural differences; tendency to stereotype
denial
39
existence of superiority complex (ethnocentrism) vs. inferiority complex (xenocentrism) towards a culture
defense
40
banking on the universality of ideas rather than on cultural differences
minimization
41
begins to appreciate/appreciation of cultural differences in behavior and values
acceptance
42
open-mindedness towards varied world views; very open to world views when accepting new perspectives
adaptation
43
evidence of multifarious cultural viewpoints; start to go beyond their own cultures and see themselves and their actions based on multifarious cultural viewpoints
integration
44
Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity
Bennett and Bennett (2004):
45
number of people; the environment in which the speech takes place; can be classified into intrapersonal and interpersonal
speech context
46
communication that centers on one person where the speaker acts both as the sender and the receiver of the message
intrapersonal
47
involves 2 or more people; contextual in nature; classified into four
interpersonal
48
communication that occurs between 2 people
dyad
49
face-to-face discussion/interaction towards a goal among 3 to 10 individuals; communication is a 2-way process
small group
50
delivering or sending a message before or in front of a group; 1 speaker that has absolute control/authority
public
51
communication taking place through media (TV, radio, the net, books, newspapers, etc.);
mass communication
52
the context dictates and affects the way people communicate,
speech styles
53
this style is private, which occurs between or among close family members or intimate individuals;
intimate
54
this style is common among peers and friends;
casual
55
this style is the standard one; professional or mutually acceptable language (respect) is a must in this style
consultative
56
this style is used in formal settings; one-way (unlike consultative style)
formal
57
this style is “frozen” in time and remains unchanged; mostly occurs in ceremonies;
frozen
58
contextual utterances made by a speaker for an intended effect;
speech acts
59
the actual act of uttering
locutionary
60
social function of the utterance/reflects the intent of the speaker
illocutionary
61
sharing what you believe in
assertive
62
asking a person to do a task
directive
63
commit; promising to do something
commisive
64
conveying your emotions
expressive
65
changing an external situation
declarative
66
the result of the utterance
perlocutionary
67
form of the utterance and the intended meaning has no connection
indirect speech acts
68
statements that must be said at the right time, by the right person, and at the right place for a change to happen
performatives
69
speaker carries out a nomination to collaboratively and productively establish a topic
nomination
70
any limitation you may have as a speaker
restriction
71
process by which people decide who takes the conversational floor; the primary idea is to give all communicators a chance to speak
turn-taking
72
covers how procedural formality or informality affects the development of topics in conversations
topic control
73
involves moving from one topic to another; it is where one part of a conversation ends and where another begins
topic shifting
74
how speakers address the problems in speaking, listening, and comprehending that they may encounter in a conversation; self-righting mechanism in any social interaction
repair
75
the conversation participants’ close-initiating expressions that end a topic in a conversation; takes responsibility for signaling the end of the discussion
termination
76
close-ended questions; offers; enumerations
rising notation
77
statements (those usually ending in a period); exclamation
falling intonation
78
hand movements/gestures; head movements; posture; facial expressions; proxemics; leg/foot movements; physical appearance; tongue clicking; lip biting
body languages
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63問 • 2年前問題一覧
1
is a process; involves 2 or more people; encompasses verbal and nonverbal manners or both at the same time
communication
2
source of information or message/center; initiator of the communication process
speaker
3
information, ideas, or thoughts conveyed by the speaker in words or in actions; what the speaker wants to convey; may be words or actions
message
4
process of converting the message into words, actions, or other forms that the speaker understands
encoding
5
medium or the means, personal or nonpersonal, verbal or nonverbal, in which the encoded message is conveyed
channel
6
process of interpreting the encoded message of the speaker by the receiver
decoding
7
recipient of the message or someone who decodes the message
receiver
8
reactions, responses, or information provided by the receiver
feedback
9
environment where communication takes place
context
10
factors that affect the flow of communication
barriers
11
depicts communication as a linear or one-way process consisting of five (5) elements; mother of all communication models;
shannon weaver model
12
two-way process with the inclusion of feedback as an element;
transaction model
13
includes a feedback loop and the process of encoding, decoding, and interpretation
schramm model
14
control behavior
control
15
allows individuals to interact with others
social interaction
16
motivates or encourages people to live better
motivation
17
facilitates people’s expression of their feelings and emotions
emotional expression
18
conveys information
information dissemination
19
essential to the quality of the communication process in general; communication should include everything that the receiver needs to hear for them to respond, react, or evaluate properly
completeness
20
does not mean keeping the message short, but making it direct or straight to the point;
conciseness
21
the speaker should always consider relevant information about the receiver (mood, background, race, preference, education, status, and needs); to easily build rapport with the receiver
consideration
22
the message is concrete and supported by facts, figures, and real-life examples and situations; makes the receiver more connected to the message conveyed
concreteness
23
the speaker shows courtesy in communication by respecting the culture, values, and beliefs of their receivers; being courteous creates a positive impact on the receivers
courtesy
24
implies the use of simple and specific words to express ideas; achieved when the speaker focuses on a single objective in their speech so as not to confuse the receivers
clearness
25
correctness in grammar eliminates negative impact on the receivers and increases the credibility and clarity of the message
correctness
26
interaction in which words are used to relay a message; for effective and successful verbal communications, express ideas by using words, which can be easily understood by the person you are talking to
verbal communication
27
the language that you use should be appropriate to the environment or occasion (ex. formal or informal)
appropriateness
28
speakers who often use simple yet precise and powerful words are found to be more credible;
brevity
29
the meaning of words, feelings, or ideas may be interpreted differently by a listener; it is essential to clearly state your message and express your ideas or feelings
clarity
30
words should be carefully chosen in consideration of the gender, roles, ethnicity, preferences, and status of the person or people you are talking to
ethics
31
words that vividly or creatively describe things or feelings usually add color and spice to communication;
vividness
32
an interaction where behavior is used to convey and represent meanings;
nonverbal communication
33
attitudes and behavior of certain social, ethnic, or age groups; way of life, general customs, and beliefs of a particular group of people at a particular time
culture
34
a belief that one culture is lesser (inferior), resulting in looking up on/to another culture
xenocentrism
35
a belief that one’s culture is better (superior) than others
ethnocentrism
36
a person’s beliefs and practices should be understood based on that person’s own culture; looking at a culture based on its standards and perspectives
cultural relativism
37
sending and receiving of messages across languages and cultures
internal communication
38
failure to recognize cultural differences; tendency to stereotype
denial
39
existence of superiority complex (ethnocentrism) vs. inferiority complex (xenocentrism) towards a culture
defense
40
banking on the universality of ideas rather than on cultural differences
minimization
41
begins to appreciate/appreciation of cultural differences in behavior and values
acceptance
42
open-mindedness towards varied world views; very open to world views when accepting new perspectives
adaptation
43
evidence of multifarious cultural viewpoints; start to go beyond their own cultures and see themselves and their actions based on multifarious cultural viewpoints
integration
44
Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity
Bennett and Bennett (2004):
45
number of people; the environment in which the speech takes place; can be classified into intrapersonal and interpersonal
speech context
46
communication that centers on one person where the speaker acts both as the sender and the receiver of the message
intrapersonal
47
involves 2 or more people; contextual in nature; classified into four
interpersonal
48
communication that occurs between 2 people
dyad
49
face-to-face discussion/interaction towards a goal among 3 to 10 individuals; communication is a 2-way process
small group
50
delivering or sending a message before or in front of a group; 1 speaker that has absolute control/authority
public
51
communication taking place through media (TV, radio, the net, books, newspapers, etc.);
mass communication
52
the context dictates and affects the way people communicate,
speech styles
53
this style is private, which occurs between or among close family members or intimate individuals;
intimate
54
this style is common among peers and friends;
casual
55
this style is the standard one; professional or mutually acceptable language (respect) is a must in this style
consultative
56
this style is used in formal settings; one-way (unlike consultative style)
formal
57
this style is “frozen” in time and remains unchanged; mostly occurs in ceremonies;
frozen
58
contextual utterances made by a speaker for an intended effect;
speech acts
59
the actual act of uttering
locutionary
60
social function of the utterance/reflects the intent of the speaker
illocutionary
61
sharing what you believe in
assertive
62
asking a person to do a task
directive
63
commit; promising to do something
commisive
64
conveying your emotions
expressive
65
changing an external situation
declarative
66
the result of the utterance
perlocutionary
67
form of the utterance and the intended meaning has no connection
indirect speech acts
68
statements that must be said at the right time, by the right person, and at the right place for a change to happen
performatives
69
speaker carries out a nomination to collaboratively and productively establish a topic
nomination
70
any limitation you may have as a speaker
restriction
71
process by which people decide who takes the conversational floor; the primary idea is to give all communicators a chance to speak
turn-taking
72
covers how procedural formality or informality affects the development of topics in conversations
topic control
73
involves moving from one topic to another; it is where one part of a conversation ends and where another begins
topic shifting
74
how speakers address the problems in speaking, listening, and comprehending that they may encounter in a conversation; self-righting mechanism in any social interaction
repair
75
the conversation participants’ close-initiating expressions that end a topic in a conversation; takes responsibility for signaling the end of the discussion
termination
76
close-ended questions; offers; enumerations
rising notation
77
statements (those usually ending in a period); exclamation
falling intonation
78
hand movements/gestures; head movements; posture; facial expressions; proxemics; leg/foot movements; physical appearance; tongue clicking; lip biting
body languages