Oncology

Apoptosis

Neoplasia

Benign tumors

Moles, Uterine fibroid, Skin tags, Endometriosis, Nasal polyps

Benign

Malignant

Anaplasia (looking different compared to parent cell), No specific function, Loose adherence, Migration (metastasis), Rapid or continuous cell division, Abnormal chromosomes (aneupliody)

Primary malignant tumor

Malignant

Benign

Secondary malignant tumor (metastatic)

Carcinoma

Carcinoma

Melanoma

Lymphoma

Sarcomas

Leukemia

Tumor size, Lymph node status, Metastasis

0

1

2&3

4

Carcinogen

Chemical (nicotine, alcohol), Physical (radiation, chronic irritation scar tissue, radon), Viral (Epstein-Barr, Hep. B and C, and HPV)

True

Changes in bowel or bladder habits, A sore that does not heal, Unusual bleeding or discharge, Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere, Indigestion or difficulty swallowing, Obvious changes in warts or moles, Nagging cough or persistent hoarseness (for months), Unexplained weight loss, Pernicious anemia (lacking B12)

Asymmetry, Boarder (uneven), Color differences, Diameter larger than a pencil eraser, Evolution

Smoking cessation, Skin protection during sun exposure, Diet, Safe sex practices, Removal of at risk tissue, Chemoprevention, Vaccination (HPV)

Annual fecaul occult blood test for all adults of all ages, Digital rectal exam for men older that 50 years, Annual mammogram for women starting at 40, Gene mutation screening for those that have a genetic link, Screening for colorectal cancer starting at age 45

Immunity and clotting, Gi function, Peripheral nerve sensory perception (numbness, tingling), Central motor and sensory deficits, Respiratory and cardiac function, Comfort and quality of life

Radiation, Chemotherapy, Surgery

External radiation

More

Temporary tattoos to help focus the radiation.

May have skin irritation or a burn.

Wash with gentle soap and water (dove), Avoid friction to the area being treated (pat dry, don’t rub with wash cloth), Only use topical treatments perscribed., Wear soft clothing avoid tight clothing, buckles, belts, etc., Avoid sun&heat exposure (stay in shade), Protect affect area with clothing

“Cover the are with soft clothing.”, “Be sure to wash your hands well before touching the area.”, “Do not remove the ink markings on the skin.”

Internal radiation

Can be used alone, before or after treatment or in combination., Kills cancer cells and normal cells., Places patients at high risk for infection, immunosuppresion complications., Chemotherapy is toxic to healthcare workers regardles of route (p.o., intravesicular, I.V.)

Extraversion

Monitor blood return at access site during infusion at regular intervals.

Dosage is based on weight (and there’s weight loss associated), Scheduling can be difficult (infection postpones it)

Intrathecal (epidural space), Intraperitoneal, Intra- vesicular (tumor), Topical, Intra-arterial (advanced not common), PO (there is a smartphone app to remind patients)

Bone marrow suppression, Alopecia, Mucositis (mouth sores), Skin changes, Anxiety/depression/stress

RBCs, WBCs, Platlets

No fresh fruit, flowers, veg, Limit visitation,, Private room, Handwashing required upon entering room, Personal vitals machine, No live vaccines, no IM injection , avoid invasive procedures

100.4 F (38C)

Report signs of infection, Good handwashing, Bleeding precautions (electric shaver) (fall precautions), Mouth care, Avoid contact sports

Zofran scheduled not PRN q6-8hrs, Ice water/ice chips, No alcohol mouthwash, magic mouthwash with lidocaine, Frequent mouth assessment and oral care

Cooling cap may decrease hair lose is expensive and not covered by insurance(pre-plan, body image), Avoid direct sunlight, apply sunscreen, cover head, Planning before hair loss, wigs etc.

Chemo brain- ⬇️ability to concentrate, memory loss, difficulty learning new information, Support patient provide resources for cognitive training, Discourage use of alcohol, rec drug use, activities that increase risk for head injury

Chemotherpay-induced peripheral neuropathy

Prophylactic (removes potentially cancerous tissue), Diagnostic (removal of part of a suspected lesion for exam and testing, Curative removes all cancerous tissue, Debulking to decrease size, Pallitive for symptom relief, Reconstructive (increase function and appearance)