問題一覧
1
What is programmed cell death/destruction?
Apoptosis
2
What is any new or continued cell growth not needed for normal development or replacement of dead/damaged tissue?
Neoplasia
3
What are normal cells growing in the wrong place or at the wrong time?
Benign tumors
4
Select examples of benign tumors.
Moles, Uterine fibroid , Skin tags , Endometriosis , Nasal polyps
5
What type of tumor is shown here? (hint encapsulated)
Benign
6
What type of tumor is shown here?
Malignant
7
Select features of cancer cells
Anaplasia (looking different compared to parent cell), No specific function, Loose adherence , Migration (metastasis), Rapid or continuous cell division, Abnormal chromosomes (aneupliody)
8
A cancerous tumor identified by the tissue from which it arose (parent tissue).
Primary malignant tumor
9
Cancerous
Malignant
10
Noncancerous
Benign
11
A tumor in which cancer cells move from primary location by breaking off and establishing remote colonies.
Secondary malignant tumor (metastatic)
12
Cancer of the skin or tissue (lung, breast, skin).
Carcinoma
13
What type of cancer is the most diagnosed?
Carcinoma
14
Cancer that occurs in the cells that make the pigment in our skin.
Melanoma
15
Cancer that occurs in the immune system.
Lymphoma
16
Cancer that occurs in the connective tissue, muscle, bone, fat.
Sarcomas
17
Cancer that occurs in the hematopoietic system (blood).
Leukemia
18
Select TNM in order.
Tumor size, Lymph node status , Metastasis
19
Non benign tumor is what stage of cancer?
0
20
Cancer limited to one area is what stage of cancer?
1
21
Cancer with spread to the lymph is what stage of cancer?
2&3
22
Cancer with metastasis is what stage of cancer?
4
23
A substance, organism, or agent capable of causing cancer.
Carcinogen
24
Select three examples of carcinogens.
Chemical (nicotine, alcohol), Physical (radiation, chronic irritation scar tissue, radon), Viral (Epstein-Barr, Hep. B and C, and HPV)
25
True or false?A person with an autoimmune disease(s) can be at a higher risk for cancer because mutations can happen , immunity is also decreased.
True
26
Select Caution up in order. (warning signs of cancer)
Changes in bowel or bladder habits, A sore that does not heal , Unusual bleeding or discharge , Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere , Indigestion or difficulty swallowing , Obvious changes in warts or moles , Nagging cough or persistent hoarseness (for months) , Unexplained weight loss, Pernicious anemia (lacking B12)
27
Select ABCDE’s in order.
Asymmetry , Boarder (uneven), Color differences , Diameter larger than a pencil eraser , Evolution
28
Select primary prevention of cancer.
Smoking cessation , Skin protection during sun exposure , Diet , Safe sex practices , Removal of at risk tissue , Chemoprevention , Vaccination (HPV)
29
Select secondary prevention
Annual fecaul occult blood test for all adults of all ages , Digital rectal exam for men older that 50 years , Annual mammogram for women starting at 40 , Gene mutation screening for those that have a genetic link, Screening for colorectal cancer starting at age 45
30
Select the impacts of cancer on physical function.
Immunity and clotting, Gi function, Peripheral nerve sensory perception (numbness, tingling), Central motor and sensory deficits , Respiratory and cardiac function, Comfort and quality of life
31
Select the 3 main treatments for cancer (exclude palliative care, hospice, immunotherapy).
Radiation , Chemotherapy , Surgery
32
What type of radiation uses a high energy beam that produces ionization of atomic particles and breaks the chemical bonds in DNA?
External radiation
33
External radiation has ____ side effects compared to internal because it must go through tissue to reach cancerous tissue.
More
34
A patient receiving external radiation will have what?
Temporary tattoos to help focus the radiation.
35
What is a side effect specific to external radiation?
May have skin irritation or a burn.
36
What is the patient teaching for skin irritation or a burn from external raditation?
Wash with gentle soap and water (dove), Avoid friction to the area being treated (pat dry, don’t rub with wash cloth), Only use topical treatments perscribed., Wear soft clothing avoid tight clothing, buckles, belts, etc., Avoid sun&heat exposure (stay in shade), Protect affect area with clothing
37
A client receiving radiation for head and neck cancer reports that the skin in the radiation field is itching and painful. What teaching will the nurse provide? (Select all)
“Cover the are with soft clothing.”, “Be sure to wash your hands well before touching the area.” , “Do not remove the ink markings on the skin.”
38
What type of radiation is described? SEEDS placed into tumor, patient is radioactive while seeds are inside them.
Internal radiation
39
Select the true statements for chemotherapy.
Can be used alone, before or after treatment or in combination. , Kills cancer cells and normal cells., Places patients at high risk for infection, immunosuppresion complications. , Chemotherapy is toxic to healthcare workers regardles of route (p.o., intravesicular, I.V.)
40
What complication is pictured here?
Extraversion
41
To prevent extraversion from happening during chemotherapy via I.V. administration what should the nurse do?
Monitor blood return at access site during infusion at regular intervals.
42
Select the issues associated with chemotherapy treatment.
Dosage is based on weight (and there’s weight loss associated), Scheduling can be difficult (infection postpones it)
43
Select the administration routes for chemotherapy.
Intrathecal (epidural space), Intraperitoneal, Intra- vesicular (tumor), Topical, Intra-arterial (advanced not common), PO (there is a smartphone app to remind patients)
44
Select the side effects of chemotherapy (can be temporary or permanent)
Bone marrow suppression , Alopecia , Mucositis (mouth sores), Skin changes , Anxiety/depression/stress
45
What does bone marrow produce?
RBCs, WBCs, Platlets
46
Select what is included in neutropenic precautions
No fresh fruit, flowers, veg, Limit visitation,, Private room , Handwashing required upon entering room , Personal vitals machine, No live vaccines, no IM injection , avoid invasive procedures
47
Patients receiving chemotherapy should report signs of infection, a fever of what or higher is dangerous to them?
100.4 F (38C)
48
Select patient teaching for someone receiving chemotherapy.
Report signs of infection , Good handwashing , Bleeding precautions (electric shaver) (fall precautions), Mouth care , Avoid contact sports
49
What is done for chemotherapy induced nausea, vomiting, and mucositis?
Zofran scheduled not PRN q6-8hrs, Ice water/ice chips, No alcohol mouthwash, magic mouthwash with lidocaine , Frequent mouth assessment and oral care
50
Alopecia is associated with some chemotherapies what can be done/ patient teaching.
Cooling cap may decrease hair lose is expensive and not covered by insurance(pre-plan, body image), Avoid direct sunlight, apply sunscreen, cover head, Planning before hair loss, wigs etc.
51
What is done for cognitive changes associated with chemotherapy?
Chemo brain- ⬇️ability to concentrate, memory loss, difficulty learning new information , Support patient provide resources for cognitive training , Discourage use of alcohol, rec drug use, activities that increase risk for head injury
52
Loss of sensory perception of motor function of peripheral nerves associated with exposure to certain anti-cancer drugs (Chemotherapy)
Chemotherpay-induced peripheral neuropathy
53
Select the different types of surgery for cancer.
Prophylactic (removes potentially cancerous tissue), Diagnostic (removal of part of a suspected lesion for exam and testing, Curative removes all cancerous tissue, Debulking to decrease size, Pallitive for symptom relief , Reconstructive (increase function and appearance)
54
True or false? Cancer is now being considered a chronic disease due to advances in technology and medications.
True