In adult humans, which of the following is typically true of REM sleep?

Sleep researchers conducted a study to determine if wearing a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) machine helps individuals who are experiencing symptoms of sleep apnea to increase their levels of REM sleep compared to those not using a CPAP device. Twenty participants with sleep apnea who did not previously wear a CPAP device were randomly placed into one of two groups. Group 1 slept without wearing a CPAP device, and researchers measured the percentage of total sleep time each participant spent in REM. Participants in Group 2 were given a CPAP device to wear while sleeping and researchers measured the percentage of total sleep time each participant spent in REM. The results are given in the graph. What is the independent variable in this study ?

Sleep researchers conducted a study to determine if wearing a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) machine helps individuals who are experiencing symptoms of sleep apnea to increase their levels of REM sleep compared to those not using a CPAP device. Twenty participants with sleep apnea who did not previously wear a CPAP device were randomly placed into one of two groups. Group 1 slept without wearing a CPAP device, and researchers measured the percentage of total sleep time each participant spent in REM. Participants in Group 2 were given a CPAP device to wear while sleeping and researchers measured the percentage of total sleep time each participant spent in REM. The results are given in the graph. Which of the following psychological perspectives would best support a researcher’s belief that the dreams that occur in REM sleep are a result of random neural firing in the brain stem?

Sleep researchers conducted a study to determine if wearing a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) machine helps individuals who are experiencing symptoms of sleep apnea to increase their levels of REM sleep compared to those not using a CPAP device. Twenty participants with sleep apnea who did not previously wear a CPAP device were randomly placed into one of two groups. Group 1 slept without wearing a CPAP device, and researchers measured the percentage of total sleep time each participant spent in REM. Participants in Group 2 were given a CPAP device to wear while sleeping and researchers measured the percentage of total sleep time each participant spent in REM. The results are given in the graph. Why is it necessary in this study to have at least one experimental condition and one control condition?

A research group conducted a study investigating the connection between self-reported number of hours slept in a given week and scores on a happiness measure. Based on the scatterplot above, the group can report that there is

Researchers find that there is a significant, positive correlation between the number of hours students sleep and their grades. The researchers would be justified in concluding that

Waking up frequently, loud snoring, silent pauses in breathing, and sleepiness during the day are symptoms of which of the following disorders?

Rafael has a sleep disorder for which he takes medically prescribed amphetamines. For which of the following sleep disorders is Rafael most likely being treated?

A researcher wants to examine how much information from waking life ends up in dreams. The researcher recruits 40 volunteers from a local community college to record the details of their daily activities. The participants will be given a sleep monitor that gently wakes them each time they end an REM cycle, after which they will complete a detailed dream diary. The study is planned to last for two weeks. Why would an institutional review board be hesitant to approve this study?

Researchers conducted a correlational study during the winter season, which has shorter days and longer nights. The researcher asked about people’s experiences with depression-like symptoms, including feelings of tiredness and reduction in energy output. The researcher found that there was a positive correlation between the amount of daylight and depression-like symptoms. Which of the following statements best reflects how to interpret this correlational finding?

Dr. Wilson, who teaches engineering classes, is interested in learning about how lack of sleep affects performance. What would be the best way to ensure that her findings are generalizable to all the students at her university?

Professor Jain conducted a study investigating the impact of sleep deprivation on reaction time. After giving consent, 12 adult participants who typically slept 8 hours per night were randomly assigned to one of two groups. One group maintained their typical amount of sleep of 8 hours. The other group reduced their typical amount of sleep to 4 hours. After waking from sleep, participants were given a reaction time test. The average reaction time, in seconds, for each participant is displayed in the table.

During the night, Alicia stops breathing repeatedly, frequently gasps for air, and snores loudly at regular intervals. Alicia is most likely suffering from which of the following conditions?

Which of the following research techniques would be the best way to demonstrate that getting eight or more hours of sleep produces higher exam scores the following day?

A patient reports constant sleepiness. A series of tests reveal that the patient’s sleep is frequently disrupted by periods of interrupted breathing and brief awakenings. Which of the following diagnoses would account for such symptoms?

Malia is 10 years of age, and her grandmother, Anna Rosa, is 60 years old. Which statement is likely to be true concerning their sleep patterns?

Jeff lives in the United States, and he recently flew to Spain. Even after sleeping for several hours on the flight, he still felt lethargic for a few days. If Jeff has not caught an illness, which of the following is the most likely explanation for his physical response?

A study was conducted with fifty-five preteens (ages 9–12) who were not getting the recommended amount of sleep for their age. All preteens agreed to participate in the study. The participants were told they did not have to complete the study and could leave the study at any time. During the study, participants were randomly placed into either a group that gradually moved bedtimes earlier by five minutes each night or a control group that slept on their normal sleep cycle. The study’s purpose was disclosed to participants once the study was over. Which of the following ethical considerations was most problematic for this study?

Which of the following groups of characteristics best describes the REM sleep stage?

Dr. Ravi wants to conduct a study to investigate the effect of sleep deprivation on problem-solving abilities. Her procedure involves randomly assigning participants to groups and depriving one group of sleep for a period of five consecutive days. She then had each of them take a test that measures their ability to solve various problems. Which of the following is most problematic about Dr. Ravi’s research design?

A psychological study to determine the harmful effects of sleep disruption asked a company to start an overnight shift without notice. Many of the employees began to have accidents while on the job. The researchers conclude that a sudden change in circadian rhythm causes an effect on job performance. What ethical concern may be present in this study?

The explanation that holds that dreams are merely the brain’s attempt to make sense of meaningless patterns of brain activity during sleep is best identified as which of the following theories?

REM sleep, generally an “active” state of sleep, is accompanied by which of the following paradoxical characteristics?

Ms. Harrison asks students in her psychology class to record how many hours of sleep they get every night and what they eat for breakfast. When the class looks at the data, they find that the fewer hours of sleep they get, the more they eat for breakfast. Which of the following is a limitation of self-report research?

When Alexus traveled to another country, she experienced jet lag and had trouble adjusting to the new time zone. Alexus’ experience is most likely linked to which of the following concepts?

Which of the following is an explanation of why travelers suffer from jet lag?

An adult with a healthy sleep cycle is most likely to enter REM sleep in which of the following ways?

Which of the following is a circadian rhythm?

The biological clock that operates in human beings to adjust their functioning to night-and-day periodicity is referred to as

Professor Ahad has forty-three students in section one of the psychology classes she teaches and fifty-two students in section two. Section one meets at eight a.m. and, section two meets at one p.m. Professor Ahad gives all of her students the same final exam, and those in section two score significantly higher than those in section one. Professor Ahad concludes that her section one students are academically inferior to students in section two. The biggest problem with Professor Ahad’s conclusion is that

Sally says that her dream about going to a circus is just her brain attempting to make sense of random stimulation from the brain stem. Sally’s explanation is consistent with which of the following theories of dreaming?

Thirty-five-year-old Tuong awakens briefly many times each night gasping for breath. Although she does not remember these awakenings the next day, they keep her from getting a restful night’s sleep. Tuong is most likely experiencing which of the following disorders?

The graph depicts the stages of sleep, including REM sleep and NREM sleep (Stages 1, 2, and 3). The data in the graph would most likely be obtained with which of the following instruments?

The graph depicts the stages of sleep, including REM and NREM (Stages 1, 2, and 3). For the person with the results shown in the graph, progressing across the x-axis, there is most likely to be an increase in which of the following?