Which of the following are advantages to drug administration via the inhalation route? I. Immediate onset of action at the desired site II. Smaller required doses III. Increased systemic drug absorption

Which is NOT a mechanism of bronchoconstriction?

All EXCEPT which of the following are possible disadvantages associated with administering drugs via inhalation?

Contraction of the bronchial smooth muscle is called which of the following?

A reduction in the inner diameter of the airway due to the influx of chemical mediators is best referred to as which of the following?

A reduction in the inner diameter of the airway due to excessive mucus production is called _____.

Which of the following systems is responsible for innervation of the bronchi? I. Autonomic nervous system II. Somatic nervous system III. Central nervous system

Which receptor is found primarily in the lungs?

Which of the following are considered to be hormonal in nature?

Which nervous system causes bronchodilation of bronchial smooth muscle?

Stimulation of what nervous system causes an increase in cardiac output, depth of ventilation, and metabolism?

Which of the following nervous systems has been nicknamed the “fight-or-flight” system?

Of the following, which one would you anticipate to happen with parasympathetic stimulation?

What physiologic response occurs upon stimulation of the alpha-receptors?

Stimulation of the alpha-receptor results in _____.

Which of the following receptors would be stimulated by norepinephrine?

Which of the following mechanisms does NOT cause bronchodilation?

Which of the following describe(s) sympathomimetic bronchodilators? I. Drugs that stimulate intracellular production of cyclic AMP II. Anticholinergic drugs III. Drugs that stimulate beta2-receptors

When side effects are a problem with the administration of albuterol, what alternative medication could you give to possibly prevent the onset of such side effects?

Which is NOT caused by the administration of a beta-agonist?

Which of the following will allow for immediate effective evaluation of improvement of airway obstruction following administration of a bronchodilator?

Which medication can be used to stop premature labor?

cAMP is believed to have anti-inflammatory properties and can prevent rupture of the mast cell by which of the following mechanisms?

The sympathomimetic beta-agonist terbutaline is classified as a _____.

How is the sympathomimetic beta-agonist Xopenex® classified?

Which of the following drugs would be best used for maintenance of bronchospasm? I. Serevent® II. Spiriva® III. Theophylline

You are called to the emergency room to treat an 18-year-old female who has been admitted in an acute asthma attack. She received two albuterol treatments prior to entering the emergency room. The patient’s breath sounds reveal wheezes bilaterally, and she is unable to perform a PEFR. Which of the following treatments would you recommend?

Which are associated with the basic catecholamine molecule? I. Benzene ring II. Two hydroxyl groups III. Amine side chain

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the length of the amine side chain of a medication? I. The longer the amine side chain, the less selective the medication is for a particular receptor. II. The shorter the amine side chain, the less selective the medication is for a particular receptor. III. The longer the amine side chain, the more selective the medication is for a particular receptor. IV. The shorter the amine side chain, the more selective the medication is for a particular receptor.

In which of the following situations would you NOT use racemic epinephrine?

Which medication should be given if suspected post-extubation airway edema is present?

Which medication is a resorcinol?

A bronchodilator intended for long-term maintenance of asthma that does NOT have a rapid onset is _____.

Which medication can also be given in the oral form?

A patient presents with dyspnea, increased work of breathing, shortness of breath, and a heart rate of approximately 145 bpm. The individual is 25 years old, has a 10-pack-a-year smoking history, and is otherwise healthy. Auscultation reveals diffuse expiratory wheezes bilaterally. You understand that the patient needs a beta2-agonist medication as a rescue medication, but you are fearful of the increase in heart rate associated with the administration of Ventolin®. Which of the following rescue beta2-agonist medications would you recommend to help reduce the cardiac side effects?

Which of the following is NOT a SABA?

When administering a beta2-agonist medication, you assess the patient’s vital signs before, during, and after treatment. Soon after beginning therapy, you realize that the patient’s HR is now 120, when it was 90 at rest prior to treatment initiation. Which of the following best describes the sequence of events you should now take? I. Terminate the treatment. II. Continue the treatment. III. Call the physician. IV. Continue to monitor the patient.

When a patient experiences a decrease in response shortly after administration of a medication, they are experiencing which of the following?

Which of the following describe parasympatholytics? I. Drugs that stimulate the parasympathetic system II. Anticholinergic drugs III. Drugs that block acetylcholine

Which of the following is a parasympatholytic?

A parasympatholytic will cause which of the following? I. Bronchodilation II. Decreased heart rate III. Drying of pulmonary secretions

Which of the following is available as a DPI?

A parasympatholytic agent has been administered. Which of the following physiologic effects would you expect to see in your patient? I. Constricted bronchial smooth muscle II. Decreased heart rate III. Increased blood pressure IV. Decreased salivation

The administration of a _____ agent will stop or decrease the conversion of GTP to cGMP.

Atrovent® and albuterol together in MDI form is called _____.

Which medication is a long-acting anticholinergic?

Which of the following is caused by the conversion of GTP to cGMP?

Salivary gland secretion can be blocked by the administration of which of the following medications?

What classification of medication might you recommend for a patient with nonallergic rhinitis?

Why is it important to prevent anticholinergic medications from touching the eyes of individuals?

Which of the following is the best course of action for a respiratory therapist when a patient is receiving a beta agonist medication and the initial HR was 85 bpm but shortly after the treatment begins, the HR increases to 120 bpm?

How are methylxanthines given?

Which of the following is NOT a reason for toxicity resulting from theophylline?

What is the mechanism of action of methylxanthine medications?

While making a routine home visit to a COPD patient, you notice that he appears very restless and irritable. He complains that he has been dizzy and nauseated and has been urinating frequently during the past 2 days. You review his medication list and see that he is prescribed aerosolized albuterol and Atrovent®, Serevent® by DPI, and Theobid®. You suspect that the patient is experiencing side effects from which of his medications?

A patient is receiving beta2-agonist medications, corticosteroids, and a parasympatholytic agent. The physician has asked you to recommend a medication or classification of medications that could potentially help prolong the bronchodilatory effects of the beta2-agonists. Which of the following would you recommend?

What enzyme breaks down cyclic AMP?

Cyclic-3', 5'-AMP is broken down by which of the following?

For which neonatal condition is caffeine administered?

The mechanisms of bronchoconstriction are

There are _____ mechanisms of bronchoconstriction.

The nickname “rest and digest” has been given to the _____ system.

Bronchodilation is caused by stimulation of which system?

Bronchoconstriction is caused by stimulation of which system?

What happens to the heart rate when the parasympathetic system is stimulated?

The nickname “fight or flight” has been given to the _____ system.

How is acetylcholine metabolized?

Cyclic-3', 5'-AMP is broken down by Cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.

In regard to duration of action, what type of beta-agonist are rescue inhalers considered?

Acetylcholine has a bronchoconstriction effect on bronchial smooth muscle.

Three different mechanisms cause bronchoconstriction.

Bronchoconstriction is characterized by an increase of the airway’s inner diameter.

Bronchospasm results from contraction of bronchial smooth muscle.

The sympathetic system has been nicknamed the “rest-and-digest” system.

The “rest-and-digest” system is the parasympathetic system

Parasympathetic stimulation results in bronchial smooth muscle contraction.

Sympathetic stimulation results in bronchial smooth muscle contraction.

Acetylcholine is metabolized by acetylcholinesterase.

The neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic system is acetylcholine.

NE is the neurotransmitter at the postganglionic junction of the parasympathetic system.

Alpha-receptors are receptors of the sympathetic system.

Stimulation of the alpha1-receptor results in vasoconstriction.

Beta1 stimulation can result in tachycardia.

Beta2-receptor stimulation results in bronchial smooth muscle contraction.

Beta1-receptors are primarily located in the lungs.

Alpha1-receptors are primarily located in the blood vessels.

Beta2-receptors are primarily located in the heart.

Cyclic GMP causes bronchodilation.

A sympathomimetic is the same as an anticholinergic.

Serevent® is a long-acting beta-agonist.

Ventolin is NOT short-acting beta-agonist.

An anticholinergic is a parasympatholytic.

An example of an anticholinergic is atropine.

Phosphodiesterase is inhibited by methylxanthines.

Methylxanthines are strong bronchodilators.