often it is assumed that justice will be secured, no ifs, ands,or buts. But justice is rarely so straightforward and often it is applied unequally for a variety of reasons.

something that has been noticed in history is that way in which antisodomy laws were applied when they were still being used.

power is a factor of all social relations, particularly the political relations. lt is present in every society.

FOUR MAJOR THEORIES OF POWER

stands a associated with the name of Karl Marx and his Marxism

Which owns the means of production and is the dominant economic class. Is the dominant class. It possesses social economic, ideological and political power in societym It exploits suppresses and dominants the class of the poor. It is the RULING CLASS . It uses the state as an instrument for men taining its dominant status. Always imposes and maintains its economic, social ideological and political domination over the whole society.

can use an ideology or political persuasion our leadership structure.......

which is the class of economically weak and poor workers who are economically, socially and politically exploited and dominated.

IT HOLDS THAT IN EACH SOCIETY THERE ARE PRESENTED TWO CLASSES

holds that in each society power is possessed and used by a small group of persons, the elite, which takes all decisions and rules the society. is a small group of persons which takes all major decisions and is the centre of power and society

rejects both the class theory of power as well as the theory of power. it holds that power in each society is reality used neither by one class nor by any elite but by several different groups.

holds that in all societies, the power is actually in the hands of the men who as a group dominate as the group of women in society. is supported by the feminist writers and activities. They hold that each society stand divided on gender basis holds that currently power in each society is an exercised through a system of male domination which needs to be replaced.

this theory is one that is widely known in definition, but not a name. this is the theory which says that "we learn to be deviant through our interactions with others who break the rules "( Ferris & Stein p, 186)

this theory is concerned with how individual comes to view themselves based on how others label them an encyclopedia brings out that "the deviant characteristic signed to a person may become a status such that the "label" will dominate all positive characteristics

LABELING THEORY He says that "deviance is not inherent in any act, belief , or condition, instead, it is determined by the audience" He explains that the label of a deviant will depend on "culture time period and context".

LABELING THEORY TWO KEY PHASES FOR THIS THEORY

is the act that causes someone to be labeled deviant.

is a deviant identity developed by those labeled as such. You make a career of thievery.

whereby W.I. THOMAS said" if men define situations as a real, they are real in their consequences". The idea behind this is that a people expect something to happen, they will find it happening more often.

this is a theory that is very important to human interaction. this is the way people perceive things and assign them meaning.

are created through interactions between humans and one's self

are mechanisms of social control. As opposed to forms of internal control, like cultural norms and values. can either be positive or negative, and can arise from either formal or informal control.

the social values present in individuals are products of informal social control. may include shame ,ridicate, sarcasm, criticism and disapproval. can check deviant behavior of individuals or groups ,either through internalization. are varied and differ from individual to individual ,group to group, and society to society.

to reward or punish behavior..

any control, either formal or informal, that is exerted by a group, especially by men's peers.

SANCTIONS

the masters used power over the slaves, in feudal society used power over serfes , pheasants and the land labor and in the present industrial society the power is being used by the capitalist for dominating and exploiting the proletariats.

is a small group of persons witch takes all major decisions and center of power and society. The wing elite are always a mind the people is uses power.

use formal and informal sanctions to enforce norms

may rely on more directly aggressive sanctions