has many parts in which the airline is a part of it. The chain begins with manufacturers, infrastructure, and services providers and ends with the distribution of services for passengers and cargo. In between are airlines, which is one (1) component of the value chain that connects the whole.

means that it is a consequence of the demand or a need for something else. Demand for air transportation arises from a desire or a need from an individual to reach a certain destination.

This route structure is a simple approach to connecting the destinations that the airline wishes to offer. Non-stop flights are usually used in this route, and all passengers embark from their origin and disembark at their destination.

This route is a simple extension of the point-to-point structure where after reaching a destination, the flight may continue to one (1) or several destinations. This route structure allows for the boarding of passengers from the origin and the destinations along the route and deplane at their respective destinations.

This route is usually utilized by large airline companies in the world. Its design and operation are very complex compared to the previous two (2) route structures. This route structure works best for serving wide geographical areas and many destinations. It has many variations depending on the destination.

single hub-and-spoke network can connect more destinations that comprise several pairs of destinations. For example, an airline that offers flights from New York as its origin and Manila as its destination can access more city pairs in the Philippines (Manila-Cebu, Manila-Davao, Manila-llocos).

Since the hub-and-spoke structure can connect more destinations, it can also cater to almost every airline demand market segment.

Since the hub-and-spoke structure can connect more destinations, it can also cater to almost every airline demand market segment.

An airline that utilizes the hub-and-spoke structure provides convenience to passengers in terms of easier transactions, single check-in for multiple destinations, easier gate and facility locations, and a structured flight schedule, among others.

Airlines can take advantage of the market within their hub by establishing their dominance in the local market.

Airlines that use this structure are usually prioritized in terms of utilization of the hub airport's facilities.

Hub airlines reach a wider share of the global market due to the huge number of routes it serves.

Hub airlines require intensive labor and extensive facilities to sustain operations within this structure. The nature of the hub-and-spoke structure, which has complex connections, makes the infrastructure and manpower assets idle during connecting times.

Hub-and-spoke structured airlines technically have the highest operational costs because of the number of routes it serves.

The spokes' distance in the hub-and-spoke structure varies greatly, that it's a challenge for airlines to structure their trips that will optimize passenger convenience.

As the hub-and-spoke structure gets the largest part of the air travel demand market, it tends to crowd hubs, especially in the events of delay and cancellations. Passengers are stuck in the terminals, and aircraft are stuck in the parking ways, taxiways, and runways.

The structure serves cities of different sizes and demands. From similes mus citie their ant popes orite enterte pere in erer types, hue airport.

Hub-and-spoke structured airlines are always susceptible to flight delays. A delay in a spoke may result in the delay of other routes.

The airline must determine not only the departure times of flights on different routes but also the frequency of daily flights. Many airlines apply the basic rule of "the more frequent a flight is, the more it is appealing to passengers."

After setting a timetable, the airline needs to allocate its available aircraft to the right routes. The choice of which aircraft to utilize for a specific route is usually based on the tentative forecast. The task is to choose the right type of aircraft for the right route that will meet the demand and maximize potential revenue.

Each flight must be assigned to one (1) aircraft type.

The total number of incoming aircraft at an airport must be equal to the total number of outgoing aircraft in addition to the aircraft remaining on the ground.

The number of aircraft used must be less than or equal to the total fleet size.

The availability of desired parking slots at all destination airports must be adequate to handle the fleet assignment accordingly.

After routes are assigned to aircraft, the next step is to design a work schedule for the flight crew who will operate the flight.

This is a work schedule that is designed in a sequence of flights that begins and ta crewmember's base/headquarters. The length of flight in a crew work schedule can span multiple days. Pilots can only fly one (1) aircraft type, while cabin crews are usually qualified to serve any type in the fleet.

After the work schedule for crew members is designed, the crew pairings will be assigned to the crew members. A crew roster ensures that the employment conditions for the crew are met, such as annual leave entitlements, training, and leave requests, among others. It also makes sure that a flight has enough qualified crew on board.

The people involved in an airline operation are scattered across the airline's route system. In nature, airline employees often report to different managers who are assigned to handle different areas of the operation.

This is responsible for the flight planning, issuing flight plans to captains, and following each flight's progress. Dispatchers are licensed professionals who ensure the safe operation of the flight along with the pilot.

This tracks crew members' movement through the airline's route network, checking their status, and calling in reserve crewmembers, or readjusting their schedules as the need arises, especially during disruptions.

This coordinates with line mechanics for aircraft maintenance, especially during technical issues. They make sure that the required parts and repair equipment are available to meet aircraft maintenance policies and troubleshoot malfunctions.

This tracks individual aircraft to make sure that their schedule would allow for their required maintenance.

front-liners who are in charge of ensuring the proper flow of the passenger check-in up to the boarding process belong to this functional area.

The nature of airline operations is that it is full of uncertainties. The airline is a business that is always subject to disruptions, which the most common are flight delays and cancellations.

This is a reactive form of intervention made by airlines to return the operations to their normal schedule. It is usually applied in the events of disruptions in the original aircraft routing, crew pairings, and even passenger itineraries.

This is a proactive approach to disruption management that is planned during timetabling to avoid or minimize the impacts of operational disruptions before they could even happen.