問題一覧
1
Connectionist models share the assumptions) that
both (b) and (d)
2
Which of the following is NOT an example of a cognitive process?
reflex
3
A cognitive process that begins with small bits of information gathered from the environment and ends with higher order processes putting these bits of information together into a meaningful percept would be described as:
bottom-up processing
4
Processes that occur simultaneously rather than one at a time are known as ____ processes.
parallel
5
Damage to the occipital lobe could result in difficulty processing:
visual information.
6
Which of these structures is involved in the formation of long-term memories?
hippocampus
7
Since the 1970s, various techniques of ____ have allowed us to construct pictures of the anatomy and functioning of intact brains.
brain imaging
8
When common objects such as kitchen utensils are presented in a jumbled display,
people recognize them slower than in a normal kitchen scene.
9
Which of the following neuropsychological method(s) provide(s) information about the amount of dynamic blood flow to various regions of the brain?
both PET scans and fMRI
10
Which of the following was instrumental in producing the "cognitive revolution"?
all of the above
11
The meaningful interpretation of environmental stimuli is called
perception
12
Which of the following is a basic assumption of the connectionist approach?
networks of connections among processing nodes
13
We see the figure below as a set of rows rather than columns because of the Gestalt principle of
similarity
14
A major difference between a feature theory and a template theory is
a template processes the input pattern as a single unit
15
The ___ lobes are involved in the processing of sensory information from the body, such as pain, pressure, touch, and temperature.
parietal
16
According to Biederman, ___ language. are to visual perception what alphabets are to
geons
17
Which of the following is NOT one of the four properties that Wundt proposed as the basis for any conscious thought or idea?
quantity
18
A traditional "school" within psychology that saw the mind as a "black box" that could not be objectively studied was known as
behaviorism
19
Anne is driving down a residential street on a Saturday afternoon, and expects that she may see children playing outside on such a sunny, warm day. Out of the corner of her eye, she detects movement between two parked cars at the side of the road. She immediately presses the brake, interpreting the movement as that of a child. Later she is relieved to see that the movement came from an empty paper bag that is blowing in the wind. Anne's initial perception of the movement as that of a child can best be explained through the notion of
top-down processing
20
Historians date the founding of scientific psychology to the 1879 laboratory of:
Wilhelm Wundt.
21
Prosopagnosia is a specific visual agnosia for
faces
22
Which theory states that we divide patterns into their parts and identify the parts in order to decide what the pattern is?
feature analysis theory
23
All of the following statements are central to empiricism EXCEPT:
Important structures of the human mind are present at birth.
24
Which of the following allows us to support claims about cause-and-effect relationships?
experiment
25
Visual agnosias involve
impaired ability to interpret visual information
26
CAT scans are usually used to:
pinpoint areas of brain damage.
27
A letter is easier to perceive in the context of a word. Which of the following models explains this finding by arguing that activation of the relevant node for the word also activates the nodes corresponding to the letters within the word?
connectionist
28
The information processing paradigm uses what metaphor to represent the human mind?
computer metaphor
29
Which of the following has the highest ecological validity?
naturalistic observation
30
Which brain imaging technique uses radioactive tracers to measure blood flow?
positron emission tomography
31
A paradigm in psychology answers all of the following questions EXCEPT:
What types of training and degrees are needed by researchers?
32
A traditional "school" within psychology that focused on what role the mind serves for an organism:
functionalism
33
Injury to Broca's area results in an inability to:
produce language fluently.
34
Biederman's component model is an example of
a structural model in which a limited number of components can be used to build many different objects.
35
Which approach is most consistent with the way the brain functions?
connectionist
36
The function of the thalamus is to:
relay information.
37
The finding that it is easier to recognize a letter in the context of a word than in isolation or in a nonword is called
the "word superiority effect."
38
Which of these structures modulates the strength of emotional memories and is involved in emotional learning?
amygdala
39
Template theory states that
we compare whole patterns with one another and measure how much they overlap
40
Which scientific approach argues that a complete understanding of human behavior cannot be achieved without a good understanding of how information is mentally represented?
Cognitivism
41
Structural theories of pattern recognition extend feature theories by
including specification of feature relations
42
The part of the cerebral cortex at the back of the head is called the ___ lobe.
occipital
43
All of the following are basic assumptions of the traditional information-processing approach to cognition EXCEPT:
the fundamental question involves the function of consciousness
44
Jan has difficulty understanding spoken language. Jan may have suffered damage to:
Wernicke's area.
45
Saying that cognitive theories must focus on events "between input and output" means that cognition must be analyzed at the level of
representation
46
Biederman's Component Model is used to describe what kinds of objects
3-dimensional
47
The major disadvantage of naturalistic observation is the lack of:
experimental control.
48
A traditional "school" within psychology that had as its goal the identification of the simplest possible units of the mind:
structuralism
49
Which of the following poses a problem for featural analysis theory?
There is currently no good definition of the concept of a "feature."
50
To measure an area of the brain's response to a specific event, we use:
ERP.
51
The term ___ refers to the relevance of the research to the "real world."
ecological validity
52
About 95% of all human beings show a specialization for language in the:
left hemisphere.
53
The belief that most of our abilities and tendencies are with us from birth is known as:
nativism
54
Which of the following is a central tenet of the Gestalt school of psychology?
Psychological phenomena cannot be reduced to simple elements, but must be studied as whole structures.
55
Split brain operations involved severing which brain structure?
corpus callosum
56
Which of the following represents a good example of a proximal stimulus?
the retinal image formed by a tree
57
Which of the following is true regarding Watson's behaviorism?
It rejected references to unobservable mental states.
58
One model of perception emphasizes that a percept is compared to idealized holistic representations in memory and matched to the one it most closely approximates. This model is known as:
prototype matching
59
"Executive functioning" involves all of the following EXCEPT:
basic sensory processing.