問題一覧
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Hemoglobin is made up of ???? amino acids?
574
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1 gram of HgB = ???
1.34 mL oxygen
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the manner in which bindingto reduce hemoglobin(affects oxygen affinity quite complex)
Deoxyhemoglobin
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Oxygenated hemoglobin
Oxyhemoglobin
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disease in oxygen levels
Hypoxia
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DELTA POR UR COP PROTO HEME
DELTA- aminolevulinic acid PORphobilinogen URoporphyrinogen COProporphyrinogen PROTOporphyrin HEME+ Globin 4 hemoglobin
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Most abundant transitional metal in the body.
Iron
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water-soluble complex of ferric salt and a protein, apoferri stored in bone marrow
Ferritin
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Water insoluble and consists mostly of aggregates of ferric oxyhydroxide core crystals w/ partially or completely degraded protein shell Usually found in various tissue
Hemosiderin
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Protein that transfers iron to normoblasts
Transferrin
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Transforming iron to the ferric form to enable its upstake by circulating apotransferrin
Hephaestin
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Also has ferroxidase activity and is involved as well in the release of iron from the cells.
Ceruloplasmin
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Master regulatory hormone of systemic iron metabolism
Hepcidin
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Plasma protein that binds heme
hemopexin
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binds hemoglobin; prevents urinary excretion of plasma hemoglobin
haptoglobin
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ALPHA CHAINS
141 amino acids
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Beta chains
146 amino acids
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Primitive hemoglobin Are formed by immature erythrocytes in the yolk sac.
Embryonic hemoglobin
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Major Hb in fetus and in newborn infant.
Hemoglobin F
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Major normal adult Hb
Hemoglobin A
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A stable hemoglobin
Glycosylated hemoglobin
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Major source of the essential cellular energy
Embden-Meyerhof pathway
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Also known as hexose mono phosphate shunt.
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
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Maintains hemoglobin iron in ferrous state.
Methemoglobin Reduction
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Premature infants erythrocytes lifespan: ?
35-50 days
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Fetuses erythrocytes lifespan: ???
60 to 70 days
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Happens out of the blood vessels and in the reticular endothelial cells.
Extravascular catabolism
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Major hemolytic anemia Happens within the blood vessels
Intravascular Catabolism
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Refers to the total production of hemoglobin or red cells
Total erythropoiesis
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Refers to the production of hemoglobin or rbc that reach the circulation
Effective erythropoiesis
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Refers to production of hemoglobin or rbc that never reach circulation
ineffective erythropoiesis
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Diameter less than 6; 5 um seen in iron deficiency anemias
Microcytes
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Increased variability im rbc size. Seen in megaloblastic. anemias
Anisocytosis
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Diameter greater than 8.5 um seen in megaloblastic anemias and B12 deficiency
Macrocytes
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Result of a defect in either nuclear maturation or stimulated erythropoiesis
Macrosytosis
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Associated with a decrease in hemoglobin synthesis
Microsytosis
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Other name: Thorn cells, spur cells multiple thorny, spike like projections that are irregularly distributed around the cellular membrane and may vary in size.
ACANTHOCYTES
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Other name: Bronze cells Round shape; extremely dense or compact; lack central pallor
Spherocytes
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Other name: Bulls eye; target cells; Mexican Hat A peripheral rim of Hb w/ dark central, Hb- cointaining area.
Codocytes
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Have a slit like opening that resembles a mouth
Stomatocytes
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Rod, cigar, or sausage shape
Elliptocytes
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Pocket-book cell Erythrocytes containing one or more vacuoles that resemble a blister on the skin
Bloster cells
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Distorted contracted erythrocytes
Pyknocytes
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Helmet cell; blister cell; horned cell Appears like a half moon or spindle
Keratocytes
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Bite cell Appearance of the rbc is altered w hemoglobin being confined to one side of the cell, although the other side of the cell is transparent
Degmacytes
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Schizocytes Fragments of erythrocytes that are small and irregularly shape
Schistocytes
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resembles a pinched bottle, triconcave Rbc w a “ridge”
Knizocytes
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Burr cells; crenated erythrocytes short, scallod or spike like projection that are regularly distributed around cell membrane
Echinocytes
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Teardrop cell Used smaller than normal erythrocytes
Dacrocytes
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Sickle cell Resembles a crescent shape and has a pointed projections at one of the terminal ends of rbc
Depranocytes
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Resembling crenated cells consisting of tiny pits of bubbles indenting the red cells maybe cause by a small amount of water contaminatinh Wright stain
Artifacts
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“Washington monument”
Hemoglobin SC
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Stains dark red and resembles clam shells
Hemoglobin C
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Arrangement of erythroicytes in groups that resembles stacks of coin, is usually present in the thick portions of normal blood smears
Roulex Formation
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Presence of normoblast & immature cells of the neutrophilic series in the blood
Leucoerythroblastic reaction