Is a field of study and research that focuses on the understanding, development, and application of explosives, as well as the science and engineering behind fire behavior, prevention, and control.

Are used in various applications, such as mining, construction, demolition, propulsion, and defense, but they also have the potential for misuse, which makes understanding their chemistry crucial for safety and security.

The ______is a specialized branch of chemistry that focuses on the study of materials that undergo rapid and violent decomposition, releasing a significant amount of energy in the form of _____, _____, _____, and ________.

Involves studying the composition, structure, and properties of explosive materials

In this area work to understand how different chemicals react to create explosive energy, the factors that influence detonation, and the various types of explosive compounds.

key concepts within the chemistry of explosives

They involve the decomposition of a compound into more stable products, resulting in the release of gases and energy.

________ are usually rapid and __________ (releasing heat)

____________ involve_________ (redox) reactions, where a substance gives up electrons to another substance.

Other name for redox?

________ are fundamental processes in which substances_________ undergo transformations to form new substances_______ with different properties.

These reactions involve the breaking and forming of chemical bonds between atoms, leading to changes in the arrangement of atoms and the overall composition of the substances involved

Are the basis for all chemical processes and are central to understanding the behavior of matter.

Two or more substances combine to form a single, more complex substance.

These reactions are commonly encountered in both chemical and biological processes.

A single substance breaks down into two or more simpler substances

Factors such as ________, ______, and the________ can influence the rate and occurrence of decomposition reactions.

One element replaces another element in a compound.

Where an element displaces another element in a compound, resulting in the formation of new compounds and the release of certain elements as ions or gases.

The exchange of ions between two compounds, leading to the formation of new compounds.

Reactions that occur when ions exchange between two compounds, resulting in the formation of new compounds, precipitates, gases, or complex ions.

Reactions involving the transfer of electrons between reactants

Combination (________) Reactions

Single Displacement (_________) Reactions

Double Displacement (________) Reactions

Reactions involve the transfer of electrons between reactants, leading to changes in the oxidation states of the elements involved

Redox reactions play a vital role in _________, _________, and various ________.

Two interconnected fields that deal with fire-related incidents, deliberate ignition of fires, and the use of explosive materials for various purposes

Refers to the intentional act of setting fires to property, structures, forests, or other areas, often for malicious purposes.

The motives behind arson can vary widely, including revenge, insurance fraud, vandalism, terrorism, or even psychological gratification.

Investigating arson cases requires knowledge in fire behavior, chemistry, forensics, and law enforcement

Arson investigators work to determine the origin and cause of the fire, analyzing fire patterns, accelerant residues, and other evidence to ascertain whether the fire was intentionally set. This involves collaborating only with fire departments, and forensic experts.

Are substances or devices that undergo rapid chemical reactions, releasing a large amount of energy in the form of heat, light, sound, and shock waves

They are used for a variety of legitimate purposes such as construction, mining, demolition, and fireworks, but they can also be misused for malicious intent.

Explosives can be classified into various categories based on their sensitivity, stability, and intended use. These categories include high explosives (__________), low explosives (__________), primary explosives (_____________), and secondary explosives (_______).

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Is the visible effect of the process of combustion

A special type of chemical reaction.

It occurs between oxygen in the air and some sort of fuel.

Is a chemical reaction that gives off light and heat.

It is an example of the chemical process.

Is useful, but also very dangerous because it can cause houses, trees and many other things to burn into ashes.

Our evidence of fire in the fossil record (in deep time, as we often refer to the long geological stretch of time before humans) is based mainly on the occurrence of coal. This is the partially combusted plant material left after a fire has been extinguished.

The first stage of human interaction with fire, perhaps as early as ________years ago in _________, is likely to have been opportunistic. A fire would have been useful not only for light and warmth at night, but to frighten off predatory animals, and the smoke would have been effective in keeping insects away.

The next stage was to gain the ability to start a fire. According to British primatologist __________, the use of flints to start fire may have occurred as far back as _______ years ago.

The third stage of origin of fire, in which humans began to use and control fire on a regular and widespread basis, may have started only ______ years ago. This may have included the use of fire for land clearance for agriculture and even for warfare

Fire has been part of Earth’s story for the past ________ years

In less than __________ seconds a small flame can get completely out of control and turn into a major fire. It only takes minutes for thick black smoke to fill a house. In minutes, a house can be engulfed in flames.

Heat is more threatening than flames. A fire's heat alone can kill. Room temperatures in a fire can be _________ degrees at floor level and rise to _______ degrees at eye level.

Fire starts bright, but quickly produces black smoke and complete darkness.

Smoke and toxic gases kill more people than flames do. Fire uses up the oxygen you need and produces smoke and poisonous gases that kill. Breathing even small amounts of smoke and toxic gases can make you drowsy, disoriented, or short of breath

Is a thermal decomposition process that involves heating organic material in the absence of oxygen

Pyrolysis results in the break down of the molecular structure of the material into simpler compounds, typically a mixture of gases and liquids (_____) and solid residue (_______)

Is widely used in the recycling of waste plastics and tires, and as a means of producing alternative fuels.

Is a thermochemical treatment, which can be applied to any organic (carbon-based) product.

Pyrolysis can be done on pure products as well as mixtures.

In this treatment, material is exposed to high temperature, and in the absence of oxygen goes through chemical and physical separation into different molecules.

Commonly used to convert organic materials into a solid residue containing ash and carbon, small quantities of liquid and gases.

______yields carbon as the residue and the process is called carbonization

_______ is a chemical process in which a substance reacts rapidly with oxygen and gives off heat.

In combustion, the original substance is called the___ , and the source of oxygen is called the _____

Combustion is one of the most important of chemical reactions and may be considered a culminating step in the oxidation of certain kinds of substances.

Any act that would remove or neutralize a fire hazard.

A medical gas used as anesthetic agents for surgical procedures that could either be flammable or non-flammable

An integrated system of underground or overhead piping or both connected to a source of extinguishing agent or medium and designed in accordance with fire protection engineering standards which, when actuated by its automatic detecting device, suppresses fires within the area protected.

Examples of flammable anesthetics are _______ and __________

Examples of nonflammable anesthetic gases are __________ and _________

Fuel Source- Solid

Fuel Source- LIquid

Fuel Source-Gas

When wood is burned, it reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water vapor, as well as heat and light.

The combustion of propane or natural gas in a stove or furnace is a form of oxidation that releases heat.

The oxidation of oil or gasoline in an engine or oil lamp releases heat and light.

The oxidation of paper or cloth releases heat and light, which can contribute to the spread of a fire.

Is the chemical reaction between oxygen and a combustible material, such as wood or gasoline, that releases heat and light.

Was once considered to be simply the combination of oxygen with any compound or element, the meaning of the word has been expanded to include any reaction in which atoms lose electrons, thereby becoming oxidized.

A chemical reaction involving oxygen combining with other materials

AMENDING THE LAW ON ARSON

FIRE CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES OF 2008

PD NO. 1613 Section 1- Section 2- Section 3- Section 4- Section 5- Section 6- Section 7- Section 8- Section 9-

Material to be burned

Generally oxygen in air

Heat energy to initiate the reaction

Unless the initial fire spreads beyond the initial fuel, it will self-extinguish.

For fire to start how much oxygen is approximately required?

Normal air contains ________O2. Some fuel materials contain sufficient oxygen within their makeup to support burning.

POTENTIALLY EXPLOSIVE CHEMICALS

Is a model for conveying the components of a fire. The three sides illustrate the three elements of fire: heat, fuel and oxidization

The first element in the fire triangle is _______, which is perhaps the most essential of fire elements. A fire cannot ignite unless it has a certain amount of heat, and it cannot grow without heat.

The second element in the fire triangle. A fire needs a ________ source in order to burn.

The final element of the fire triangle, which is also an essential component of fire. A fire needs ______ to start and continue

According to the Fire Triangle Principle, there are three elements required to ignite and maintain a fire: heat, fuel and oxygen. Removing any one of these will likely extinguish a fire or mitigate the risk of ignition in the first instance.