Consists of 3 elements that are necessary for combustion namely: heat, fuel and oxygen

energy needed to start

material is being burned

element that combines with the fuel

Principle of Fire Triangle: If two elements is mssing combustion will not occur.

process by which the heat from the combustion reaction is used to start new reactions combustion

Adds a fourth element to the fire triangle which is the chain reaction

Specific location where the fire started.

The reason why the fire started

Are the fire that is deliberately ignited under circumstances in which the person knows that the fire should not be ignited

Fires that result from unintentional events

Investigating these helps improve safety measures and prevent future accidents

__________involve all those for which the proven cause does not involve a deliberate human act to ignite or spread fire into an area where the fire should not be

Things that can cause Accidental Fire:

CAN AN INCENDIARY FIRE BE ACCIDENTAL FIRE?

CAN AN ACCIDENTAL FIRE BE INCENDIARY FIRE?

the crime of maliciously and intentionally, or recklessly, starting a fire or causing an explosion.

involve fires caused without direct human intervention

Examples of Natural Fire

it happens when the cause of fire cannot be proven.

Is the study of how fires start, grow, and spread, as well as how they can be controlled and extinguished

The goal of fire dynamics is to determine how each of these aspects of a fire’s circumstances ______ or ________ its __________.

Understanding the science behind fire dynamics is essential for _________, _________, and anyone interested in ___________

___________ considers the role of _______ and the ways in which heat can be transferred from one object to another. There are three types of heat transfer that are relevant to fire dynamics: _____, _______, and ______.

occurs when heat is transferred through a solid object.

occurs when heat is transferred through a fluid.

5 Aspects of Fire Dynamics

Ignition refers to the moment a material catches on fire

______takes a closer look at how fires behave in rooms based on various factors.

_______is the movement of fire across the surface of a liquid or solid fuel source

_______is one of the most dangerous aspects of a fire and can cause death before the fire even reaches a person’s location.

_____often appears during the smoldering combustion stage of a fire.

_____is characteristic of full combustion and the presence of flames

Stages of Fire Development 1- 2- 3- 4-

The____________ is when all four elements of the fire tetrahedron coalesce, the fuels reach their ignition temperature, and the fire begins

During the ________, the fire increases fuel consumption and creates more heat and smoke

The________ happens when the available fuel has been consumed.

This is a free-burning stage

It is observed when the maximum amount of fuel and oxidizers are consumed.

The highest heat release (burning) rate is produced. The temperature decreases and intensity can be reduced depending on amount of matter and heating value.

use their knowledge of fire dynamics to determine the cause of a fire.

Understanding fire dynamics is crucial for firefighters, who need to know how to control and extinguish fires safely and efficiently.

Knowledge of fire dynamics can help prevent fires from occurring in the first place

Fire dynamics is important in the design and construction of buildings, particularly in terms of fire safety so that are more resistant to fire and that provide safe means of egress for occupants.

The analysis of observations reported by persons who witnessed the fire or were aware of conditions present at the time of the fire (including first responding engine crews).

The analysis of effects and patterns left by the fire on all surfaces.

The analysis of the locations where electrical arcing has caused damage and the documentation of the involved electrical circuits.

The analysis of the fire dynamics; that is, the physics and chemistry of fire initiation of a fire.

The ability to maintain the fire scene as close as possible to its original form after extinguishment/overhaul, with little or no significant changes that would destroy or alter evidence

Scene preservation is the sole burden of the fire investigator. True of False?

The responsibility for the preservation of the fire scene and physical evidence does not lie solely with the fire investigator, but should begin with arriving fire-fighting units or police authorities. Lack of preservation may result in the destruction, contamination, loss, or unnecessary movement of physical evidence.

Responsibilities: Fire Suppression Personne#

Fire Suppression Personnel

Evidence Preservation Responsibilities of Fire Suppression Personnel

Fire Safety Standards NFPA 10- NFPA 14- NFPA 17- NFPA 17A-

As a fire moves upwards on a vertical surface, it creates a distinct V pattern

When a liquid accelerant is poured on carpet and lit, it tends to create a circular ‘doughnut’ type pattern.

Intense burn patterns are caused by ignitable liquid hydrocarbon accelerants such as gasoline, kerosene, or diesel that have high boiling points.

“The destruction of evidence which is relevant and may benefit a party in a lawsuit, done by another party in an intentional, willful or negligent manner”.

Spoliation derives from Latin: 'Omnia praesumuntur contra spoliatorem', meaning:

Evidence Collection Here are the steps involved in preserving an arson crime scene: 1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 6- 7- 8-

The first priority is to ___________ of all individuals involved. Assess the scene for any immediate hazards, such as structural instability or potential presence of hazardous materials.

Limit access to the crime scene to authorized personnel only. Establish a perimeter or use barriers to prevent unauthorized entry.

Thoroughly document the entire scene before any evidence is disturbed. Take photographs from different angles to capture the overall layout, burn patterns, and specific details.

Minimize disturbances to the scene as much as possible to preserve crucial evidence.

Identify and protect any fragile or perishable evidence that could be easily damaged. This may include delicate items or residues that are susceptible to degradation, such as footprints, fingerprints, or trace evidence.

Document factors such as temperature, humidity, wind direction, or presence of precipitation, as these can affect fire behavior and the preservation of evidence.

Implement a thorough chain of custody process for all evidence collected. Properly label each piece of evidence, record its location, and document individuals who handle or transfer it.

Identify and protect any fragile or perishable evidence that could be easily damaged. This may include delicate items or residues that are susceptible to _______, such as _________, ________, or ______.

Document factors such as ________, _________, ___________, or ________, as these can affect fire behavior and the preservation of evidence

Arson often require specialized knowledge and expertise. Consult and only involve professional fire investigators, or other relevant experts to assist in the preservation and analysis of the evidence.

Types of Debris

Acceptable containers for Debris:

Unacceptable containers for Debris:

A __________ is an individual’s account of the facts and events of relevant issues that occurred in a possible crime.

The key purpose of taking a ________ is to ensure that an accurate record of the recollection of an event exists to both support _________, and to use as ________ in court.

is a non-coercive method for questioning victims, witnesses, and suspects of crimes.

_____________can be divided into three categories. The first category consists of fires started by ____________electrical equipment. These cause the ______ percentage of electrical fires. Examples include worn-out or dirty electric motors and ________ insulation. ___________ should be cleaned regularly because dirt can block air passages, allowing heat to build up.

The second category of electrical fires is cause by ____________. The most misused electrical equipment includes _________, _______ and __________

The third cause of electrical fires is an ________ or _______ such as items dropped into electric equipment, ________ left on, or defective installations.

Who are vulnerable to these fires?

Electrical fires are most likely to occur during warm, summer months. The BFP said the reasons for the hike in the number of fire incidents include the increase in electricity demand this summer that may be compromising the power lines.

This fire can compromise the safety of ________, _______, and _______ settings because of its potential to spread rapidly and cause extensive damage to live and properties

If people act fire safe, the chances of a fire breaking out are reduced. And when a fire does break out, people knowing how to act increases the chance of people getting hurt or dying.

How can fire be prevented?

WATER SHOULD NEVER BE USED TO PUT OUT AN ELECTRICAL FIRE, and instead, a fire extinguisher rated for electrical fires or baking soda should be used to smother the flames. It’s also essential to turn on the power source and avoid touching the appliance or machine to prevent electric shock.

Fire Estinguisher (from left to right)

Fire Extinguisher

is an association that promotes education and training about fire safety

National Fire Protection Association have developed more than ______ standards and codes that are in use throughout the world.

a trade association that creates and maintains private, copyrighted standards and codes for use and adaptation by local governments

Fire Safety Codes are: *______safety guidelines are to be applied (public buildings, offices, malls, etc.) *______ kind of guidelines are required to be applied Fire Safety Standards are: *______ the codes are to be applied

What is the purpose of Fire Investigation?

an interviewee is not on a trial, and care needs to be taken to avoid the line of questioning becoming aggressive.

Legal Consideration steps:

Fire investigators may be involved in _______. Therefore, ____________, ________, and ___________ are crucial. Every stage of a fire investigation is impacted by legal issues. Regardless of the setting (______ or ______) in which a fire investigator works, it's critical that they are aware of the pertinent _________, ________, ________, and ________. ______ on the part of the investigator could compromise the validity of any investigation and result in civil or criminal charges.