Thin, light lines used as guides for drawing other lines and shapes, providing a framework for accurate representation.

Thick solid lines that represent the visible edges and boundaries of an object, defining its shape and form.

Short dashed lines indicating edges or features that are not visible in the current view but are essential for understanding the complete geometry.

Thin lines with alternating long and short dashes, used to indicate the center of objects, important for symmetry and alignment.

Thin lines that indicate the size of an object, showing distances between features essential for manufacturing.

Lines that connect notes or dimensions to specific features in the drawing, improving clarity and readability.

Thick, solid lines with arrows at both ends indicating the plane where a section view is taken, showing internal features of an object.

A line composed of long and short dashes that indicate alternate positions or imaginary features.

Short jagged lines indicating that a small portion of the drawing has been omitted, maintaining focus on relevant details.

Drawing done without instruments, relying on hand-eye coordination.

Sketching preliminary ideas, quickly communicating design concepts, and drafting visual aids.

Keep hands steady with light initial strokes, practice line weight control, and develop basic shapes freehand.

To add clear and legible text for dimensions, labels, and notes.

Typically used for clarity.

Commonly used due to its uniform appearance.

Maintain uniform _____ and _____ ; letters should be consistent in _____, generally 3mm to 5mm tall.

Use guidelines for height and alignment, ensuring consistent spacing between letters and words.

The ratio between the drawing dimensions and the actual dimensions of an object.

The object is drawn at its actual size.

The object is drawn smaller than its actual size, commonly for large structures.

The object is drawn larger than its actual size, used for very small objects.

Always specify the scale used on the drawing (e.g., "Scale: 1:100").

Marking the size, location, and form of an object on the drawing.

Elements of Dimensioning

Indicate lengths using dimension lines with arrows.

Specify angles between lines or surfaces.

Symbols used for circular objects and arcs.

Indicate acceptable variation in dimensions.

Show the location of features in relation to other reference points.

Avoid over-dimensioning, place dimensions outside the object outline, and follow standardized symbols.

A method of representing three-dimensional objects in two dimensions using multiple views (front, top, side).

Used in Europe; top view is below the front view.

Used in the US; top view is above the front view.

A type of axonometric projection used to represent three-dimensional objects in two dimensions.

Key features of Isometric drawing

Axes are inclined at equal angles of 120 degrees.

Measurements are consistent across axes; dimensions should be measured along the axes.

Objects retain their true dimensions, making it easy to measure directly.

Widely used in engineering design, architectural plans, and technical manuals.

Steps to creat an isometric drawing