movement of air into and out of lungs -alveolar ventilation: measured by arterial blood gases; measures partial pressure of co2

movement of Gases between air spaces in the lungs and the bloodstream

movement of blood into and out of capillary beds of the lungs to body tissues

Nasal Cavity, Pharynx, Larynx. Warms and humidifies air and removes foreign particles.

Trachea, Primary Bronchi, Lungs

superior lobes, middle lobe, and inferior lobe

superior lobe, cardiac notch(heart leans towards the left lung), and inferior lobe.

sense and respond to change in tissue health. (gate keepers)

produce mucus

protective role

move things in and out of lungs (hairlike structures). less mucus deeper into lung.

Windpipe. from larynx and branches into the two primary bronchi.

terminal bronchioles < tertiary bronchi bronchioles < secondary bronchi < primary bronchi

functional(smallest) unit of lung. meets up with aloveli. includes:-lymphatic vessel - arteriole - Venule - branch of terminal bronchiole

foreign material upwards so it can be coughed up or swallowed into stomach acid.

gas exchange airways includes: - respiratory bronchioles -Alveolar ducts -Alveolar sac

clusters of alveoli: primary gas exchange units.

primary gas exchange units. O2 enters and CO2 is removed

structural: involved in gas exchange. 95%

surfactant(liquid to prevent lung collapse) 5%

Alveolar macrophages ingest foreign material and remove it through the lymphatic system.

oxygenated blood from lungs —- heart from heart —- to organs organs use o2 —- deoxygenated blood goes back to heart heart —— lungs lung oxygenates blood and it goes back to heart

- pulmonary circulation: pumps blood through the lungs - blood is delivered to lungs for oxygenation -low pressure system: both organs are close to each other.

-systemic circulation: pumps oxygenated blood -delivers metabolic waste products to lungs -high pressure system(90mmHg)

carry blood away from the heart

-exchange fluids between the blood and the interstitial space

carry blood to the heart

- gas exchange - nutrients to lung tissues -blood reservoir for left ventricle(fr emergencies) -filtering system that removes clots, air, and other debris. -1/3 of vessels are filled with blood -18 mmHg(low pressure) -separate division of the circulatory system

- made by shared alveolar and capillary walls -includes: alveolar epithelium, alveolar basement membrane, interstitial space, capillary basement membrane, capillary endothelium. -gas exchange occurs here.

-systemic circulation -serves all other lung structures

includes:skin, ribs, and intercostal muscles -protects lungs from injury -muscles and diaphragm to breathe

-serous membrane -sticks to the lungs

-membrane covering the lungs

-lining the thoracic cavity pleural space: space between two pleura; negative pressure

respiratory center in brainstem

basic automatic rhythm detects the co2 and the amount of oxygen in the blood(one has no concept of this)

Inspiratory and expiratory neurons; active when you need more oxygen!!!

- in brain -stimulated when its acidic(H+) -increased depth: too acidic: deeper and faster breathing

-large arteries throughout the body -stimulates when there is low o2 -responsible for any ventilation is caused by peripheral!

- lung receptor -sensitive to toxic substances (smoke or dust inhalation) - causes cough bronchoconstriction(width of bronchioles) and increased respiratory rate(when your bronchioles is constricted you need more air to breathe in)

- protect against excess lung inflation - decreases ventilators rate and volume.

-sensitive to increased pressure on capillary that bring blood to lungs(pulmonary capillary pressure); chemicals -effect: shallow breathing & brpnchpcpnstriction & mucus secretion

- diaphragm for inspiration: muscles contract - no major muscles for normal expiration(passive) - muscles relax

alveoli open and free of fluid and pathogens

lungs return to resting state after inspiration(how well do they come back to normal)

ease with which the Ling and chest wall can be stretched (how easily can it be expanded)

expiration is harder: easy to inflate and reduced elasticity “directly opposite of elastic recoil”

inspiration is harder(stiff lungs)

- usually low - airways size(how big)

-increases airway resistance -decreases airway size

- decreases airway resistance -increases airway size

large total surface area -po2 is greater alveolar Gans than it is in capillary blood -rapid diffusion from diffusion from the alveolus into the capillary

- hemoglobin(accepts diffused o2) -o2 content

-co2 is found in blood as bicarbonate -23% replaced by o2 -70% carbonated -decreasing bicarbs and other H+: decreases acidity and makes body less acidic