The process by which fast neutrons produced from fission are slowed down to thermal (low-energy) neutrons.

The study of the time-dependent behavior of a nuclear reactor, particularly in relation to changes in neutron population over time.

K < 1

A measure of how far the reactor is from criticality,

The amount of energy generated in a reactor is directly related to the fission rate within the core.

provides a theoretical basis for neutron-physical computing of reactor cores. It uses a diffusion equation to determine the spatial flux distributions within power reactors.

J

provides a detailed approach for modeling the behavior of neutrons as they move through a reactor core. It accounts for the spatial, angular, and energy distributions of neutrons, capturing how they interact with materials, scatter, and are absorbed.

It is the rate at which nuclear energy is produced by the fission fuel.

used to absorb neutrons and reduce reactivity in the reactor.

SSM

refers to the point at which the coolant can no longer efficiently remove heat from the reactor core, potentially leading to a thermal runaway situation

in a reactor, it is important for calculating the effectiveness of both the moderator an the control rods.

It determines the overall neutron population, which is a key aspect of reactor control.

for simulating the transport of neutrons, photons, electrons, ions, and many other elementary particles, up to 1 TeV/nucleon.

a state of the art lattice physics code primarily used for modelling Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) and Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) fuel assemblies.

a versatile three-dimensional continuous-energy Monte Carlo neutron and photon transport code.

Virtual experiment

is a form of energy released from the nucleus, the core of atoms, made up of protons and neutrons.

the fuel that is used in a nuclear reactor to sustain a nuclear chain reaction.

are substances that possess unique properties related to their atomic structure, making them suitable for use in nuclear technologies, particularly innuclearpower generation.

Primary group of nuclear materials

Secondary group of nuclear materials

These materials are capable of undergoing nuclear fission, a process where the nucleus of an atom is split, releasing a large amount of energy.

These materials can be transformed into fissile materials through neutron capture. They are not directly fissionable but can be "bred" into fissile materials.

These materials slow down fast neutrons, making them more likely to cause fission in fissile materials.

These materials reflect neutrons back into the reactor core, increasing efficiency.

typically made of materials that absorb neutrons, are used to control the rate of nuclear reactions within the reactor.

These substances transfer heat away from the reactor core, preventing overheating and facilitating the production of steam.

substances used to sustain a controlled nuclear fission reaction in nuclear reactors.

an industrial process involving various activities to produce electricity from a radioactive element like uranium in nuclear power reactors.

a versatile nuclear fuel precursor used in blanket fuel applications due to its resistance to high temperatures.

Two Main Methods of Uranium Enrichment Process

ADVANTAGES OF NUCLEAR ENERGY

DISADVANTAGES OF NUCLEAR ENERGY

is any material that contains radioactive isotopes and emits ionizing radiation.

sources of radioactive waste

high doses over short period of time

low doses over long period of time

delayed health problems after exposure

is a method of managing low-level radioactive waste (LLW) by burying it in facilities close to the Earth's surface. It is widely used for waste that contains short-lived radioactive isotopes and poses minimal long-term risk

is a method of isolating high-level radioactive waste (HLW) and long-lived intermediate-level waste (ILW) in stable geological formations deep underground. This method is designed to provide long-term safety and protection for thousands to millions of years.

is a method of isolating highly radioactive waste in deep, narrow boreholes drilled into the Earth's crust.

is a method of disposing low-level radioactive waste (LLW) in specially designed, controlled landfills.

Study of heat transfer and fluid flow in nuclear reactors. Ensures safe and efficient operation of nuclear reactors.

Use heat transfer and fluid flow to generate energy safely.

is used to convert the working fluid (water) into steam.

the field of engineering that deals with the science and application of nuclear and radiation processes.

Heavy, positively charged particles emitted during the decay of heavy elements.

High-energy electrons or positrons that can penetrate paper but are stopped by materials like plastic or aluminum.

High-energy electromagnetic waves that are highly penetrating and require dense materials, such as lead or concrete, for effective shielding.

Free neutrons released during nuclear reactions, which can penetrate materials and require hydrogen-rich substances for shielding.

Is a measure of the energy by any type of ionizing radiation per unit mass of any type of matter. Unit use is Gy

Use to compare the biological effects of different types of radiation on a tissue or organ. Unit use is Sv

Used to estimate the risk in humans. Unit use is SV

a nuclear reaction in which the nucleus of an atom splits in to smaller parts

it utilizes gas as a coolant, with graphite as the moderator

it is type of reactors where water is kept under pressure to prevent boiling

it operates at low voltage and detects radiation by measuring primary ions.

it ionizes the gas, creating ions and free elections. this generates an electronic charge, which measured in meters.

similar to gamma rays but generally produced by interactions with electron shells rather than nuclear transitions.

is a reaction that combines atomic nucleic to form ne ones and release energy

is the name of the first and only research reactor in the Philippines.

is a unit in the international system of units that represent the stochastic health risk of ionizing radiation, such as cancer and genetic damage

is used to inspect the integrity of materials and structures without causing any damage.

this generates electricity through nuclear fission.

comes from sources that part of the Earth's environment.

this involves particles such as alpha, beta, neutrons, and other subatomic particles that carry energy

it can maintain plasma at very high temperatures for extended periods.

is typically seen in heavy elements like uranium and radium

it is either a proton or neutron

is the field of physics that studies atomic nucleic and their constituents and inteactions

quantifies the most important neutron phyical processes that occur in the nuclear reactor

this material slows down the neutrons released during fission

made from neutron absorbing materials like cadmium and boron

it is the state in which a reactor is stable and self sufficient is a nuclear chain reaction

it is characterized by increasing power level when the reactor's neutron production exceeds losses

During the Fukushima nuclear disaster, how many millisievert of radiation per hour was recorded during its peak?

1 rad = Gy

has enough energy to move atoms in a molecule around or cause them to vibrate

PNRI

this reactor uses fast neutrons and is typically used for advanced nuclear physics and material science research

it is an element with a nucleus containng 92 protons and 143 neutrons

radiation consisting of two particles, x-rays or gamma rays with sufficient energy to cause ionization in the medium through which it passes.

it is the splitting thats releases a significant amount of energy in the form of heat and additional neautrons

is a device that initiates and controls a self sustaining series of nuclear fission reactions

are utilized globally for isotope synthesis, training and research due to their safety measures

these reactors use a water based fissile material solution

is a form of energy that can be generated by a machine of fomed by unstable atoms

it provides a neutron source for research and various applications

is the use of special equipment and methods to learn something about an object without harming the object.

API

ADVANTAGEOF NON - DESTRUCTIVETESTING

USES OF NON - DESTRUCTIVE TESTING METHODS

is a type of testing that is used to evaluate the properties of a material, component, or system without causing damage.

is typically used to inspect materials and components for flaws, such as cracks, voids, inclusions, and porosity.

is a non-destructive material testing method which uses capillary forces to find surface cracks or pores and make them visible.

is a nondestructive inspection method that provides detection of linear flaws located at or near the surface of ferromagnetic materials. It is viewed primarily as a surface examination method.

is a method of characterizing the thickness or internal structure of a test piece through the use of high frequency sound waves.

the limit of human hearing