It determines the overall neutron population, which is a key aspect of reactor control.

sources of radioactive waste

is the field of physics that studies atomic nucleic and their constituents and inteactions

These materials can be transformed into fissile materials through neutron capture. They are not directly fissionable but can be "bred" into fissile materials.

Two Main Methods of Uranium Enrichment Process

is a non-destructive material testing method which uses capillary forces to find surface cracks or pores and make them visible.

ADVANTAGEOF NON - DESTRUCTIVETESTING

Free neutrons released during nuclear reactions, which can penetrate materials and require hydrogen-rich substances for shielding.

J

is a device that initiates and controls a self sustaining series of nuclear fission reactions

Used to estimate the risk in humans. Unit use is SV

an industrial process involving various activities to produce electricity from a radioactive element like uranium in nuclear power reactors.

SSM

it provides a neutron source for research and various applications

is a form of energy that can be generated by a machine of fomed by unstable atoms

are substances that possess unique properties related to their atomic structure, making them suitable for use in nuclear technologies, particularly innuclearpower generation.

High-energy electrons or positrons that can penetrate paper but are stopped by materials like plastic or aluminum.

is a method of isolating high-level radioactive waste (HLW) and long-lived intermediate-level waste (ILW) in stable geological formations deep underground. This method is designed to provide long-term safety and protection for thousands to millions of years.

Use to compare the biological effects of different types of radiation on a tissue or organ. Unit use is Sv

is typically used to inspect materials and components for flaws, such as cracks, voids, inclusions, and porosity.

it ionizes the gas, creating ions and free elections. this generates an electronic charge, which measured in meters.

it is either a proton or neutron

API

the fuel that is used in a nuclear reactor to sustain a nuclear chain reaction.

Heavy, positively charged particles emitted during the decay of heavy elements.

it utilizes gas as a coolant, with graphite as the moderator

it is the splitting thats releases a significant amount of energy in the form of heat and additional neautrons

USES OF NON - DESTRUCTIVE TESTING METHODS

typically made of materials that absorb neutrons, are used to control the rate of nuclear reactions within the reactor.

is a method of disposing low-level radioactive waste (LLW) in specially designed, controlled landfills.

is a method of characterizing the thickness or internal structure of a test piece through the use of high frequency sound waves.

Secondary group of nuclear materials

Is a measure of the energy by any type of ionizing radiation per unit mass of any type of matter. Unit use is Gy

ADVANTAGES OF NUCLEAR ENERGY

The study of the time-dependent behavior of a nuclear reactor, particularly in relation to changes in neutron population over time.

Virtual experiment

is the name of the first and only research reactor in the Philippines.

made from neutron absorbing materials like cadmium and boron

is any material that contains radioactive isotopes and emits ionizing radiation.

is a nondestructive inspection method that provides detection of linear flaws located at or near the surface of ferromagnetic materials. It is viewed primarily as a surface examination method.

is the use of special equipment and methods to learn something about an object without harming the object.

is a form of energy released from the nucleus, the core of atoms, made up of protons and neutrons.

The amount of energy generated in a reactor is directly related to the fission rate within the core.

Primary group of nuclear materials

a nuclear reaction in which the nucleus of an atom splits in to smaller parts

low doses over long period of time

DISADVANTAGES OF NUCLEAR ENERGY

These materials reflect neutrons back into the reactor core, increasing efficiency.

the field of engineering that deals with the science and application of nuclear and radiation processes.

this generates electricity through nuclear fission.

During the Fukushima nuclear disaster, how many millisievert of radiation per hour was recorded during its peak?

high doses over short period of time

Use heat transfer and fluid flow to generate energy safely.

in a reactor, it is important for calculating the effectiveness of both the moderator an the control rods.

provides a theoretical basis for neutron-physical computing of reactor cores. It uses a diffusion equation to determine the spatial flux distributions within power reactors.

The process by which fast neutrons produced from fission are slowed down to thermal (low-energy) neutrons.

this involves particles such as alpha, beta, neutrons, and other subatomic particles that carry energy

a versatile nuclear fuel precursor used in blanket fuel applications due to its resistance to high temperatures.

this reactor uses fast neutrons and is typically used for advanced nuclear physics and material science research

a versatile three-dimensional continuous-energy Monte Carlo neutron and photon transport code.

These materials slow down fast neutrons, making them more likely to cause fission in fissile materials.

is used to convert the working fluid (water) into steam.

refers to the point at which the coolant can no longer efficiently remove heat from the reactor core, potentially leading to a thermal runaway situation

High-energy electromagnetic waves that are highly penetrating and require dense materials, such as lead or concrete, for effective shielding.

is used to inspect the integrity of materials and structures without causing any damage.

for simulating the transport of neutrons, photons, electrons, ions, and many other elementary particles, up to 1 TeV/nucleon.

the limit of human hearing

K < 1

used to absorb neutrons and reduce reactivity in the reactor.

it is the state in which a reactor is stable and self sufficient is a nuclear chain reaction

it is characterized by increasing power level when the reactor's neutron production exceeds losses

These materials are capable of undergoing nuclear fission, a process where the nucleus of an atom is split, releasing a large amount of energy.

These substances transfer heat away from the reactor core, preventing overheating and facilitating the production of steam.

are utilized globally for isotope synthesis, training and research due to their safety measures

Study of heat transfer and fluid flow in nuclear reactors. Ensures safe and efficient operation of nuclear reactors.

is a method of isolating highly radioactive waste in deep, narrow boreholes drilled into the Earth's crust.

delayed health problems after exposure

comes from sources that part of the Earth's environment.

is typically seen in heavy elements like uranium and radium

it operates at low voltage and detects radiation by measuring primary ions.

It is the rate at which nuclear energy is produced by the fission fuel.

similar to gamma rays but generally produced by interactions with electron shells rather than nuclear transitions.

it can maintain plasma at very high temperatures for extended periods.

this material slows down the neutrons released during fission

it is an element with a nucleus containng 92 protons and 143 neutrons

provides a detailed approach for modeling the behavior of neutrons as they move through a reactor core. It accounts for the spatial, angular, and energy distributions of neutrons, capturing how they interact with materials, scatter, and are absorbed.

it is type of reactors where water is kept under pressure to prevent boiling

these reactors use a water based fissile material solution

substances used to sustain a controlled nuclear fission reaction in nuclear reactors.

1 rad = Gy

is a reaction that combines atomic nucleic to form ne ones and release energy

is a method of managing low-level radioactive waste (LLW) by burying it in facilities close to the Earth's surface. It is widely used for waste that contains short-lived radioactive isotopes and poses minimal long-term risk

PNRI

is a type of testing that is used to evaluate the properties of a material, component, or system without causing damage.

is a unit in the international system of units that represent the stochastic health risk of ionizing radiation, such as cancer and genetic damage

radiation consisting of two particles, x-rays or gamma rays with sufficient energy to cause ionization in the medium through which it passes.

a state of the art lattice physics code primarily used for modelling Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) and Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) fuel assemblies.

A measure of how far the reactor is from criticality,

quantifies the most important neutron phyical processes that occur in the nuclear reactor

has enough energy to move atoms in a molecule around or cause them to vibrate