問題一覧
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MUSCLES SEVERAL FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS.
Contractility Extensibility Excitability
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WHEN THEY ARE STIMULATED. THE CONTRACTION OF MUSCLES CAN BRING ABOUT VARIOUS FUNCTIONS, SUCH AS WALKING, EATING, TALKING AND BREATHING.
Contractility
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THEY CAN BE STRETCHED WHEN OPPOSING MUSCLES CONTRACT.
Extensibility
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THEY RESPOND TO STIMULI.
Excitability
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CONTRACT DUE TO STIMULATING THE NERVES CONTROLLING THEM.
Skeletal Muscles
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TWO EVENTS FUNDAMENTAL TO AN UNDERSTANDING OF MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY:
Electrochemical Event Physical Contraction of muscles itself
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OCCURS WHEN AN ELECTROCHEMICAL NERVE IMPULSE TRAVELS DOWN ON AN AXON AND REACHES THE SYNAPSE OR NUEROMUSCULAR JUNCTION BETWEEN THE NERVE AND THE MUSCLE.
Normal Contraction
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IS RELEASED BY THE TERMINAL REGIONS OF THE NEURON AND STIMULATES AN ELECTROCHEMICAL IMPULSE, WHICH TRAVELS ALONG THE LENGTH OF THE MUSCLE FIBER.
Acetylecholine
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WHEN THE IMPULSE REACHES THE TRAVERSE, OR T TUBULES OF THE MUSCLE, _________ IS RELEASED FROM THE SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM AND THE ACTIN AND MYOSIN MYOFILAMENTS JOINS TOGETHER - PRODUCING A POWER STROKE IN THE MUSCLE CELL.
CALCIUM
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AS A MUSCLE FIBER IS ________ - THE ENTIRE FIBER CONTRACTS MAXIMALY.
DEPOLARIZED
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IS COMPOSED OF MANY MYOFIBRILS.
SINGLE SKELETAL MUSCLE CELL
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EACH OF WHICH CONSISTS OF DISCRETE UNITS CALLED SARCOMERES.
Myofibrils
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WHICH ARE CONNECTED TOGETHER AT A REGION KNOWN AS THE Z DISK.
Sarcomeres
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STIMULATES MANY MUSCLE FIBERS.
Neuron
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THE BASIC FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF SKELETAL MUSCLE, MADE UP OF A MOTOR NEURON AND THE MUSCLE FIBRS IT CONTROLS.
Motor Unit
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IN WHICH MUSCLES GRADUALLY INCREASE FROM SLIGHT TO MORE
Graded Response
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TO INCREASE THE OVERALL CONTRACTILE STREINGTH OF THE ENTIRE MUSCLE IS TO STIMULATE MUSCLE FIBERS MORE FREQUENTLY BY INCREASING THE _________________. IN THIS WAY, THE INDIVIDUAL MUSCLE FIBERS DO NOT RELAX COMPLETELY AND PRODUCE TENSION IN THE MUSCLE.
ACTION POTENTIAL FREQUENCY
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FREQUENCY AT WHICH A NEURON GENERATES ACTION POTENTIALS IS CALLED THE FIRING RATE OR NEURAL FIRING RATE.
ACTION POTENTIAL FREQUENCY
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IS PROPORTIONAL TO THE MAGNITUDE OF THE STIMULUS
THE FREQUENCY OF THE ACTION POTENNTIALS
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WHEN A MUSCLE FIBER IS STIMULATED WITH A SINGLE, QUICK ELECTRICAL IMPULSE, THE FIBER UNDERGOES A CONTRACTION.
Twitch
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IN A TWITCH --- THE FIBER HAS THREE PHASES:
Lag Phase Contraction Phase Relaxation Phase
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THIS IS THE TIME WHEN THE ELECTRICAL IMPULSES TRAVELS ACROSS THE MUSCLE PLASMA MEMBRANE AND CALCIUM IONS ARE RELEASED FROM THE SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM. - NO CONTRACTION OCCURS AT THIS TIME.
Lag Phase
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AS THE MYOFILAMENTS SLIDE ACROSS ONE ANOTHER AND THE MUSCLE FIBER SHORTENS
Contraction Phase
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A STIMULUS ABOVE THRESHOLD LEVEL THAT OCCURS TOO SOON AFTER A PRELIMINARY STIMULUS ALSO DOES NOT CAUSE THE MUSCLE FIBER TO CONTRACT. THIS IS KNOWN AS THE REFRACTORY PERIOD.A STIMULUS ABOVE THRESHOLD LEVEL THAT OCCURS TOO SOON AFTER A PRELIMINARY STIMULUS ALSO DOES NOT CAUSE THE MUSCLE FIBER TO CONTRACT. THIS IS KNOWN AS THE _______________
REFRACTORY PERIOD
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IS A STATE OF RECOVERY THAT OCCURS AFTER A NEURON HAS FIRED AN ACTION POTENTIAL.
Refractory Period
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IT IS THE TIME WHEN THE STIMULUS, DELIVERED JUST AFTER A PREVIOUS STIMULUS, PRODUCES NO CONTRACTION.
Wave Summation
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IS A PHENOMENON THAT OCCURS WHEN A MUSCLE CONTRACTS MORE STRONGLY DUE TO A SECOND STIMULUS APPLIED BEFORE THE FIRST STIMULUS HAS FULLY RELAXED.
Wave Summation
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IF A RAPID, REPEATED STIMULI ARE SENT TO A MUSCLE, THEN THE MUSCLE PRODUCE A SERIES OF CONTRACTIONS CALLED ______________
INCOMPLETE TETANUS
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THE MUSCLE DOES NOT RETURN TO A BASELINE OF RELAXATION BUT EXHIBITS A RAPID SERIES OF CONTRACTIONS.
Incomplete Tetanus
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THE FREQUENCY ( NUMBER OF PULSES PER
Complete Tetanus