a complex system of interrelated production, consumption, and exchange activities that ultimately determines how resources are allocated among all the participants. may represent a nation, a region, a single industry, or even a family.

Economic development normally carries with its cultural development. Economic and scientific advancement transforms the culture of the nation.

one in which technologies of mass production are used to make vast amounts of goods in factories, and in which this is the dominant mode of production and organizer of social life.

The word agrarian means agriculture-related. And the society whose economy depends on the production of food crops and farmlands an agrarian society.

A means of organizing human communities, An art of compromise to achieve a certain ends - Involves decision-making power distribution among large groups, focusing on state governance in stable states and social power issues in unstable and weak states.

is a collection of concrete and mental structures that are systematically related. System of empirical beliefs, expressive symbols and values which defines the situation in which political action takes place. it consists of attitudes towards the political system, its various parts and the role ofthe selfin the system. involves examining the different characteristics of that culture.

is the study ofthe way people think,feel, and act with regard to politics.

societaltrust and obligation Personalistic:“utang na loob”

lack of knowledge/interest in political input/output.

awareness of the process, but more or less passive participation

awareness of the process; belief in the right to participate.

political undertakings are rooted in ideology or principle.

politics is purely utilitarian and calculating.

an orientation that characterizes the thinking of a group or nation

moral bond between citizens and state which obligues citizens’ to obey the state’s laws. is a moral bond derived from many sources.

refers to the systems, processes, and structures that guide and manage a country or an organization.

play a central role in governance. They are responsible for creating and implementing policies, laws, and regulations that shape the functioning of societies.

three branches of government

create laws and regulations that govern various aspects of society, including the economy, social welfare, and public safety.

such as parliaments or congresses, are responsible for passing laws.

led by the head of government or head of state, is responsible for implementing governmental decisions and managing public administration. • They execute and enforce laws and policies.

• Governments maintain a judicial system that interprets laws, adjudicates disputes, and ensures justice. • This includes courts, judges, and legal institutions that enforce the rule of law.

are formal organizations that play a significant role in governance. They act as intermediaries between the government and society, contributing to the functioning of a country in various ways.

These institutions provide education and skills development, fostering human capital and contributing to economic and social development.

Banks, central banks, and other financial institutions help manage monetary policy.

Hospitals, clinics, and healthcare systems provide medical services, promoting public health and well-being.

Public infrastructure organizations, such as transportation authorities, utility companies, and public works departments.

Institutions responsible for providing social services like welfare programs, housing agencies, and social security systems contribute to social welfare and security.

are entities that oversee and regulate specific sectors to ensure compliance, protect public interest, and maintain fair competition. These bodies are responsible for setting standards, monitoring activities, and enforcing regulations.

Good governance requires adherence to the rule of law, where laws are enacted, publicized, enforced, and applied impartially.

Good governance promotes accountability and transparency by ensuring that government actions, decisions, and use of public resources are transparent.

Good governance encourages active citizen participation, engagement, and consultation in decision-making processes.

requires effective public institutions that are competent, efficient, and responsive to public needs.

involves implementing comprehensive anti- corruption measures to combat graft and promote integrity.

fosters economic stability, promotes sustainable development, and ensures the equitable distribution of resources.

prioritizes the protection of human rights, eradication of poverty, and provision of social services.

emphasizes collaboration, cooperation, and partnership between government, civil society, private sector, and other stakeholders.

recognizes the importance of environmental stewardship and sustainable natural resource management.

supports political stability, peaceful coexistence, and effective conflict resolution mechanisms.