Charles V son. inherited Spain, the Spanish Netherlands, and the American colonies. he seized the Portuguese kingdom dahil walang heir

the campaign to drive Muslims from Spain, had been completed only 64 years before

Peter increased his powers as an absolute ruler. ● HOW? ○ brought the Russian Orthodox Church under state control ■ Holy synod to run the Church under his direction ○ reduced the power of the great landowners. ■ recruited men from lower-ranking families ■ gave positions of authority and land ○ European ______ with European weapons ■ hired European officers ○ Peter imposed heavy taxes

Spanish duke of ____ to punish the rebels. On a single day in 1568, the duke executed 1,500 Protestants and suspected rebels.

God created the monarchy and the monarch acted as God’s representative

Richelieu took two steps to increase the power of the Bourbon monarchy

Colbert believed in the theory of _____ He wanted it to be able to manufacture everything it needed instead of relying on imports.

Mongol rule - cut Russia off from the Renaissance and the Age of Exploration ● Geographic barriers - isolated Russia ○ Its only seaport, _____ in northern Russia, was choked with ice much of the year

_____ (1689) ● limits of royal power, ○ no suspending of Parliament’s laws ○ no levying of taxes without a specific grant from Parliament ○ no interfering with freedom of speech in Parliament ○ no penalty for a citizen who petitions the king about grievances

_____ (1533) - called Ivan the Terrible ● seized power and had himself crowned czar. This title meant “caesar,” ● married the beautiful Anastasia ○ boyar family, the Romanovs

Prussia rose to power in the late 1600s. Like the Hapsburgs of Austria, Prussia’s ruling family, the _______, also had ambitions

decline in the value of money, accompanied by a rise in the prices of goods and services

War of the Spanish Succession. - The costly war dragged on until 1714. The Treaty of _____ was signed in that year. ○ Treaty of ____ - Louis’s grandson was allowed to remain king of Spain so long as the thrones of France and Spain were not united.

Louis announced a policy that slowed France’s economic progress. In 1685, he canceled the _____, ○ thousands of Huguenot artisans and business people fled the country. Louis’s policy thus robbed France of many skilled workers

Kingdom of ____, the Holy _____, and the ____ Empire. Strong states formed in central Europe than in western Europe

1649 - He abolished the monarchy and the House of Lords (England) ● established a commonwealth, a republican form of government.

Thirty years' war can be divided into two

_____ was a center of the arts during Louis’s reign

The war did great damage to Germany The Peace of _____ (1648) ended the war

_____- Russia’s landowning nobles. They fought to control young Ivan

A strong minister who made up for all of Louis’s weaknesses

1571 - More than 200 Spanish and Venetian ships defeated a large Ottoman fleet in a fierce battle near ____

new city on Swedish lands occupied by Russian troops. ○ Ships could sail down the Neva River into the Baltic Sea and on to western Europe.

Hapsburg king. He inherited Spain, Spain’s American colonies, parts of Italy, and lands in Austria and the Netherlands.

It allowed German princes to choose the religion for their territory. 1555

To communicate his ideas, _____ developed a new form of literature, the essay. An essay is a brief work that expresses a person’s thoughts and opinions.

Meditations on First Philosophy, _____ examined the skeptical argument that one could never be certain of anything.

_____ - landowning aristocracy in ____ Europe passed laws restricting the ability of serfs to gain freedom and move to cities _____ - serfs in ____ Europe slowly won freedom and moved to towns. There, they joined middle-class townspeople, who gained economic power because of the commercial revolution and the development of capitalism.

he dissolved the parliament because it refuses to give money because his at war with SPAIN & FRANCE (England)

He assisted Louis XIV more in achieving these goals (economic growth)

_____ of Moscow, who ruled Russia from 1462 to 1505. accomplished several things. First, he conquered much of the territory around Moscow. Second, he liberated Russia from the Mongols. Third, he began to centralize the Russian government. .

● Mary wife of William (prince of netherlands)(protestants) ○ William and Mary to overthrow James for the sake of Protestantism ○ William led his army to London in 1688, James fled to France. ● _____ Revolution. - This bloodless overthrow of King James II

- an agricultural laborer bound under the feudal system to work on their lord's estate.

1685 - _____ became king. ● offended his subjects by displaying his Catholicism ● appointed several Catholics to high office

______ - Holy Roman emperor, head of the Hapsburg family. ○ ruled the Czech kingdom of Bohemia. WaLANG TIWALA SA KANIYA YUNG MGA PROTESTANTS

In the late 1600s, two German-speaking families decided to try to fill this vacuum by becoming absolute rulers themselves ● _____ of Austria family

Charles offended Puritans by upholding the rituals of the ____ church. Scots rebelled, assembled a huge army, and threatened to invade England. H

1613 - representatives from many Russian cities met to choose the next czar. ● ______, grandnephew of Ivan the Terrible’s wife, Anastasia.

In 1572, the St. ________' Day Massacre in Paris sparked a six-week, nationwide slaughter of Huguenots.

The publication of _______ de la Mancha in 1605 is often called the birth of the modern European novel

James’s Problems ● James offended the ____ members of Parliament. ● he refused to make ____ reforms.

two main causes of Spain inflation

● Elizabeth had no child ● _____ (king of Scotland) became King ___ I of England in 1603

1598- Henry IV declared that the Huguenots could live in peace in France and set up their own houses of worship in some cities

______ ○ a group of government ministers, or officials ○ Solution to the problem ○ acted in the ruler’s name but in reality represented the major party of Parliament. ○ BECOME THE LINK BETWEEN THE TWO ○ the cabinet became the center of power and policymaking

____$$ - 1640, a 20-year-old Hohenzollern . ○ the Great Elector, decided that having a strong army was the only way to ensure safety. ○ moved toward absolute monarchy to protect the land ○ created a standing army, the best in Europe. ○ To pay for the army, they introduced permanent taxation.

Catherine tried to preserve royal authority, but growing conflicts between Catholics and ______—French Protestants—rocked the country

_____ - Prussia’s landowning nobility ○ resisted the king’s growing power ○ He gave them the exclusive right to be officers in his army

1700 - the childless king of Spain, Charles II, died after promising his throne to Louis XIV’s 16-year-old grandson, ____ of Anjou

1588 - Philip launched the Spanish ____ in an attempt to punish Protestant England and its queen, Elizabeth I.

The ______ (1756 - 1763) ● Maria Theresa made an alliance with FRANCE (ally dati ng prussia) ○ The result was a diplomatic revolution. ● Frederick signed a treaty with Britain—Austria’s former ally ● AUSTRIA’S ALLY - France, Russia, and others ○ AGAINST BRITAIN & PRUSSIA ○ Russia was playing a role in European affairs

the true ruler of France was Richelieu’s successor

_____ conflict over religion and territory and for power among European ruling families

Peter’s goal of ______, of using western Europe as a model for change. A way to make Russia stronger.

Westernizing Russia ●Introduced _____ - STAPLE ● Russia’s first _____ ● raised women’s status ● ordered the nobles to give up their traditional clothes for Western fashions ● advanced ___₱

Frederick William's son ● he and a friend tried to run away, they were caught. To punish Frederick, the king ordered him to witness his friend’s beheading

1672- ______ led an army into the Dutch Netherlands ○ NATALO ○ Dutch saved their country by opening the dikes and flooding the countryside

1559, King Henry II of France died, leaving four young sons. The real power behind the throne during this period was their mother, _____ de Médicis.

His real name was Domenikos Theotokopoulos, but Spaniards called him El ____, meaning “the Greek.”

Peter increased his powers as an absolute ruler. ● HOW? ○ brought the Russian Orthodox Church under state control ■ ____ to run the Church under his direction ○ reduced the power of the great landowners. ■ recruited men from lower-ranking families ■ gave positions of authority and land ○ European tactics with European weapons ■ hired European officers ○ Peter imposed heavy taxes

He reveals how important merchants, civic leaders, and the middle class in general were in 17th-century Netherlands

______- PURITANS won the war because of this general ○ 1645 - new model army defeated cavaliers

English Civil War (1642 to 1649) ○ ROYALIST OR ______ - supporters and ○ PURITANS CALLED _____ - opponents of King Charles

____ - Latin meaning “to have the body.” Guarantee of freedom

Both the Lutheran and the Catholic princes tried to gain followers. In addition, both sides felt threatened by _____, which was spreading in Germany and gaining many followers. Catholic princes formed the Catholic League

____ opposed James ○ ____ supported ○ England’s first political parties

_____ - period of Charles II rule. restored the monarchy(ENGLAND)

Head of cabinet

After Henry IV, ______. reigned. He was a weak king, but in 1624, he appointed a strong minister who made up for all of his weaknesses.

In 1711, _____ became the Hapsburg ruler

1589 - He became _____, the first king of the Bourbon dynasty in France

Maria Theresa's main enemy was _____, a state to the north of Austria.

When Spain expelled the ___ and ____(Muslims) around 1500, it lost many valuable artisans and businesspeople

____ century was a period of great upheaval in Europe

the marriage of Catherine’s daughter to a Huguenot prince, _____ of Navarre. Most of these nobles died, but he survived

They strengthened government by passing a law code and putting down a revolt. In 1696, _____ became sole ruler of Russia. He is known to history as ____ the Great,

_____ - Russia experienced a period of turmoil. Boyars struggled for power, and heirs of czars died under mysterious conditions.

______ (a trading company controlled by the Dutch government) to dominate the Asian spice trade and the Indian Ocean trade. Gradually, the Dutch replaced the Italians as the bankers of Europe.

CHARLES VI persuaded other leaders of Europe to sign an agreement that declared they would recognize Charles’s eldest daughter, _______, as the heir to all his Hapsburg territories

Frederick wanted the Austrian land of ___, which bordered Prussia. ● Frederick underestimated Maria Theresa’s strength because she was a woman ● In 1740, beginning the War of the Austrian Succession

Spaniards bought much of what they needed from ____, _____, and the ____. Spain’s great wealth flowed into the pockets of foreigners, who were mostly Spain’s enemies

1672- Louis XIV led an army into the Dutch Netherlands The war ended in 1678 with the Treaty of _____

French thinkers had witnessed the religious wars with horror. What they saw turned them toward ______, the idea that nothing can ever be known for certain.

greatest Dutch artist of the period. ○ painted portraits of wealthy middle-class merchants ○ The Night Watch (shown below), he portrayed a group of city guards

pride of the Spanish monarchy. ○ He is best known for his portraits of the royal family and scenes of court life.

_____ - drafted a constitution, the first written constitution of any modern European state.

_____” a long visit to western Europe if peter

the most powerful ruler in French history—_____. He reportedly boasted, “L’état, c’est moi,” meaning “I am the state. he was only a fouryear-old boy when he began his reign