Hapsburg king. He inherited Spain, Spain’s American colonies, parts of Italy, and lands in Austria and the Netherlands.

It allowed German princes to choose the religion for their territory. 1555

Charles V son. inherited Spain, the Spanish Netherlands, and the American colonies. he seized the Portuguese kingdom dahil walang heir

the campaign to drive Muslims from Spain, had been completed only 64 years before

1571 - More than 200 Spanish and Venetian ships defeated a large Ottoman fleet in a fierce battle near ____

1588 - Philip launched the Spanish ____ in an attempt to punish Protestant England and its queen, Elizabeth I.

His real name was Domenikos Theotokopoulos, but Spaniards called him El ____, meaning “the Greek.”

pride of the Spanish monarchy. ○ He is best known for his portraits of the royal family and scenes of court life.

The publication of _______ de la Mancha in 1605 is often called the birth of the modern European novel

decline in the value of money, accompanied by a rise in the prices of goods and services

two main causes of Spain inflation

When Spain expelled the ___ and ____(Muslims) around 1500, it lost many valuable artisans and businesspeople

Spaniards bought much of what they needed from ____, _____, and the ____. Spain’s great wealth flowed into the pockets of foreigners, who were mostly Spain’s enemies

Spanish duke of ____ to punish the rebels. On a single day in 1568, the duke executed 1,500 Protestants and suspected rebels.

greatest Dutch artist of the period. ○ painted portraits of wealthy middle-class merchants ○ The Night Watch (shown below), he portrayed a group of city guards

He reveals how important merchants, civic leaders, and the middle class in general were in 17th-century Netherlands

______ (a trading company controlled by the Dutch government) to dominate the Asian spice trade and the Indian Ocean trade. Gradually, the Dutch replaced the Italians as the bankers of Europe.

God created the monarchy and the monarch acted as God’s representative

____ century was a period of great upheaval in Europe

1559, King Henry II of France died, leaving four young sons. The real power behind the throne during this period was their mother, _____ de Médicis.

Catherine tried to preserve royal authority, but growing conflicts between Catholics and ______—French Protestants—rocked the country

In 1572, the St. ________' Day Massacre in Paris sparked a six-week, nationwide slaughter of Huguenots.

the marriage of Catherine’s daughter to a Huguenot prince, _____ of Navarre. Most of these nobles died, but he survived

1589 - He became _____, the first king of the Bourbon dynasty in France

1598- Henry IV declared that the Huguenots could live in peace in France and set up their own houses of worship in some cities

After Henry IV, ______. reigned. He was a weak king, but in 1624, he appointed a strong minister who made up for all of his weaknesses.

A strong minister who made up for all of Louis’s weaknesses

Richelieu took two steps to increase the power of the Bourbon monarchy

French thinkers had witnessed the religious wars with horror. What they saw turned them toward ______, the idea that nothing can ever be known for certain.

To communicate his ideas, _____ developed a new form of literature, the essay. An essay is a brief work that expresses a person’s thoughts and opinions.

Meditations on First Philosophy, _____ examined the skeptical argument that one could never be certain of anything.

the most powerful ruler in French history—_____. He reportedly boasted, “L’état, c’est moi,” meaning “I am the state. he was only a fouryear-old boy when he began his reign

the true ruler of France was Richelieu’s successor

He assisted Louis XIV more in achieving these goals (economic growth)

Colbert believed in the theory of _____ He wanted it to be able to manufacture everything it needed instead of relying on imports.

Louis announced a policy that slowed France’s economic progress. In 1685, he canceled the _____, ○ thousands of Huguenot artisans and business people fled the country. Louis’s policy thus robbed France of many skilled workers

_____ was a center of the arts during Louis’s reign

1672- ______ led an army into the Dutch Netherlands ○ NATALO ○ Dutch saved their country by opening the dikes and flooding the countryside

1672- Louis XIV led an army into the Dutch Netherlands The war ended in 1678 with the Treaty of _____

1700 - the childless king of Spain, Charles II, died after promising his throne to Louis XIV’s 16-year-old grandson, ____ of Anjou

War of the Spanish Succession. - The costly war dragged on until 1714. The Treaty of _____ was signed in that year. ○ Treaty of ____ - Louis’s grandson was allowed to remain king of Spain so long as the thrones of France and Spain were not united.

Both the Lutheran and the Catholic princes tried to gain followers. In addition, both sides felt threatened by _____, which was spreading in Germany and gaining many followers. Catholic princes formed the Catholic League

______ - Holy Roman emperor, head of the Hapsburg family. ○ ruled the Czech kingdom of Bohemia. WaLANG TIWALA SA KANIYA YUNG MGA PROTESTANTS

_____ conflict over religion and territory and for power among European ruling families

Thirty years' war can be divided into two

The war did great damage to Germany The Peace of _____ (1648) ended the war

Kingdom of ____, the Holy _____, and the ____ Empire. Strong states formed in central Europe than in western Europe

_____ - landowning aristocracy in ____ Europe passed laws restricting the ability of serfs to gain freedom and move to cities _____ - serfs in ____ Europe slowly won freedom and moved to towns. There, they joined middle-class townspeople, who gained economic power because of the commercial revolution and the development of capitalism.

- an agricultural laborer bound under the feudal system to work on their lord's estate.

In the late 1600s, two German-speaking families decided to try to fill this vacuum by becoming absolute rulers themselves ● _____ of Austria family

In 1711, _____ became the Hapsburg ruler

CHARLES VI persuaded other leaders of Europe to sign an agreement that declared they would recognize Charles’s eldest daughter, _______, as the heir to all his Hapsburg territories

Maria Theresa's main enemy was _____, a state to the north of Austria.

Prussia rose to power in the late 1600s. Like the Hapsburgs of Austria, Prussia’s ruling family, the _______, also had ambitions

____$$ - 1640, a 20-year-old Hohenzollern . ○ the Great Elector, decided that having a strong army was the only way to ensure safety. ○ moved toward absolute monarchy to protect the land ○ created a standing army, the best in Europe. ○ To pay for the army, they introduced permanent taxation.

_____ - Prussia’s landowning nobility ○ resisted the king’s growing power ○ He gave them the exclusive right to be officers in his army

Frederick William's son ● he and a friend tried to run away, they were caught. To punish Frederick, the king ordered him to witness his friend’s beheading

Frederick wanted the Austrian land of ___, which bordered Prussia. ● Frederick underestimated Maria Theresa’s strength because she was a woman ● In 1740, beginning the War of the Austrian Succession

The ______ (1756 - 1763) ● Maria Theresa made an alliance with FRANCE (ally dati ng prussia) ○ The result was a diplomatic revolution. ● Frederick signed a treaty with Britain—Austria’s former ally ● AUSTRIA’S ALLY - France, Russia, and others ○ AGAINST BRITAIN & PRUSSIA ○ Russia was playing a role in European affairs

_____ of Moscow, who ruled Russia from 1462 to 1505. accomplished several things. First, he conquered much of the territory around Moscow. Second, he liberated Russia from the Mongols. Third, he began to centralize the Russian government. .

_____ (1533) - called Ivan the Terrible ● seized power and had himself crowned czar. This title meant “caesar,” ● married the beautiful Anastasia ○ boyar family, the Romanovs

_____- Russia’s landowning nobles. They fought to control young Ivan

_____ - Russia experienced a period of turmoil. Boyars struggled for power, and heirs of czars died under mysterious conditions.

1613 - representatives from many Russian cities met to choose the next czar. ● ______, grandnephew of Ivan the Terrible’s wife, Anastasia.

They strengthened government by passing a law code and putting down a revolt. In 1696, _____ became sole ruler of Russia. He is known to history as ____ the Great,

Mongol rule - cut Russia off from the Renaissance and the Age of Exploration ● Geographic barriers - isolated Russia ○ Its only seaport, _____ in northern Russia, was choked with ice much of the year

_____” a long visit to western Europe if peter

Peter’s goal of ______, of using western Europe as a model for change. A way to make Russia stronger.

Peter increased his powers as an absolute ruler. ● HOW? ○ brought the Russian Orthodox Church under state control ■ ____ to run the Church under his direction ○ reduced the power of the great landowners. ■ recruited men from lower-ranking families ■ gave positions of authority and land ○ European tactics with European weapons ■ hired European officers ○ Peter imposed heavy taxes

Peter increased his powers as an absolute ruler. ● HOW? ○ brought the Russian Orthodox Church under state control ■ Holy synod to run the Church under his direction ○ reduced the power of the great landowners. ■ recruited men from lower-ranking families ■ gave positions of authority and land ○ European ______ with European weapons ■ hired European officers ○ Peter imposed heavy taxes

Westernizing Russia ●Introduced _____ - STAPLE ● Russia’s first _____ ● raised women’s status ● ordered the nobles to give up their traditional clothes for Western fashions ● advanced ___₱

new city on Swedish lands occupied by Russian troops. ○ Ships could sail down the Neva River into the Baltic Sea and on to western Europe.

● Elizabeth had no child ● _____ (king of Scotland) became King ___ I of England in 1603

James’s Problems ● James offended the ____ members of Parliament. ● he refused to make ____ reforms.

he dissolved the parliament because it refuses to give money because his at war with SPAIN & FRANCE (England)

Charles offended Puritans by upholding the rituals of the ____ church. Scots rebelled, assembled a huge army, and threatened to invade England. H

English Civil War (1642 to 1649) ○ ROYALIST OR ______ - supporters and ○ PURITANS CALLED _____ - opponents of King Charles

______- PURITANS won the war because of this general ○ 1645 - new model army defeated cavaliers

1649 - He abolished the monarchy and the House of Lords (England) ● established a commonwealth, a republican form of government.

_____ - drafted a constitution, the first written constitution of any modern European state.

_____ - period of Charles II rule. restored the monarchy(ENGLAND)

____ - Latin meaning “to have the body.” Guarantee of freedom

____ opposed James ○ ____ supported ○ England’s first political parties

1685 - _____ became king. ● offended his subjects by displaying his Catholicism ● appointed several Catholics to high office

● Mary wife of William (prince of netherlands)(protestants) ○ William and Mary to overthrow James for the sake of Protestantism ○ William led his army to London in 1688, James fled to France. ● _____ Revolution. - This bloodless overthrow of King James II

_____ (1689) ● limits of royal power, ○ no suspending of Parliament’s laws ○ no levying of taxes without a specific grant from Parliament ○ no interfering with freedom of speech in Parliament ○ no penalty for a citizen who petitions the king about grievances

______ ○ a group of government ministers, or officials ○ Solution to the problem ○ acted in the ruler’s name but in reality represented the major party of Parliament. ○ BECOME THE LINK BETWEEN THE TWO ○ the cabinet became the center of power and policymaking

Head of cabinet