is the study of association, group society, and social interaction and focuses on social organization, social institution and social problems

is the study of humanity, concerned with human behavior, human biology, cultures, societies, and linguistics.

Among traditional communities, different stories of origin are told to the young explaining how members of their community are thought to have come into being.

The lengthy process of change by which people originated from apelike ancestor

God created the first human beings whom he named Adam and Eve. The two got children from whom all the people of the world descended.

Ape that lived from about 23 to 14 million years age during Miocene epoch. It has a bran larger that that of a monkey and it is considered to be the ancestor of ape and human.

A primate with hairy arms and legs of the same length, large brain, ate soft fruits and leaves, walked like gorillas and chimpanzees.

Bipedal primate that walks like apes woth small brains and long jaw. Their canine teeth were smaller than those found in apes, and their cheek were larger than those of modern humans.

know as 'handyman' due to their use of stone tools. This is the first species to exhibit enlarge Broca's and Wilernicke's areas. They thus may have had the motor control that allowed more lingual activity.

A small and thin primate that is walking upright that has more primitive teeth. The species also had a large face compared to modern humans.

Have distinctive "modern" physical characteristics: a large rounded braincase, lack of a brow-ridge, a chin even in infancy and a narrow pelvis compared to other species in the Homo genus.

Stages of Human Evolution

Human Races

the aboriginal people of Australia,. Melanesia, and parts of Southeast Asia. They are characterized as dolichocephalic which means that they are long-headed. They have black, curly and silky hair while some of them have staight hair. They have chocolate skin color, and their irises are black or brown.

They are also found in Europe, North Africa and the Middle eastto North India, and characterized by pure white to rich brown skin, thin and high nose, medium lips, medium to tall stature, a long or broad head form. The hair is light blond to dark brown in color, of a fine texture, and straight or wavy.

They are also known as Congoid, an obselete racial grouping of various people indigenous to Africa. They have particularly coiled hair and and very high melanin content giving them dark brown skin.

Have an Asian ancestry with yellowish brown tinge skin colour consisting of straight and black hair, scanty body and facial hair, brachycephalic head woth concave or straight nose having low nasal root and bridge.

group of people that is bind by any cultural identity.

Theories of the origin of Society

It says that God created the society and this led to Divine Right Theory asserting that monarch has given by God the right to rule.

The society originated in the subjugation of the weaker by the stronger. Thus, through physical coercion or compulsion men were brought together and made to live in society.

Society came from the expansion of family system held together by the authority and protection of the eldest male descendant'.

Men entered into a contract in virtue of which everyone, while uniting himself to all, remains as free as before. People live together in society in accordance with an agreement that establishes moral and political rules of behavior.

Society is the result of a gradual evolution. It is continuous development from unorganized to organized, from less perfect to more perfect and various factors helped in its development from time to time. Kinship and family were the earliest bonds uniting man with man.

Evolution of Society

Societies were small, rural, and dependent largely on local resources. Economic production was limited to the amount of labor a human being could provide. This was the time of Hunter-gatherer, Pastoral. Horticultural, Agricultural.

Number of new inventions existed. Technology and productivity increased. Rooted in the production of material goods.

Societies are based on the production of information and services. This is highly digital and driven by knowledge and not matérial goods, power lies with those in charge of storing and distributing information.

Theories of Social Change

Believes that the institutions of society are working together to maintain social cohesion and stability. This theory assumes that the norms and values of society are generally agreed upon and that social life is based on cooperation rather than conflict.

This contends that competition for scarce resources is the reason civilization is constantly at war. According to _______, dominance and power, not agreement and conformity, preserve social order.

It states that individuals learn about society through interactions with other people, and that society as a whole is created by a multitude of individual interactions.

This views society as a structure with interrelated parts designed to meet the biological and social needs of the individuals in that society.

Relationship and Bonds

Often translated as "community," this notion refers to groups of people who are connected by shared values, frequently as a result of a common physical location and worldview.

Often translated as "society." this word describes groups where membership is primarily motivated by self-interest. Relationships are businesslike, specialized, and impersonal.

Occurs when a person changes their occupation but their overall social standing remains unchanged.

The movement or displacement of individuals or groups from one social class to another. This may take the form of upward mobility or downward mobility.

Any change in the status of family members between generations. This change can be either achieving a higher social status than the previous generation or dropping to a lower social status than the previous generation

A person's social movements throughout his or her lifespan. This is in contrast to intergenerational mobility, which refers to social movement across different generations. Intragenerational mobility can be either horizontal or vertical

Major Social Institution

Basic and smallest unit of society and its primary functions are reproduction, cultural transmission, and affection.

Agent of socialization transmitting knowledge to give information and skills that people need to perform their role in society and succeed in life.

Promotes various social virtues serving as an agent of social control of behavior, promoting physical and psychological well-being motivating people to work for positive social change, giving meaning and purpose to life, and reinforcing social unity and stability.

The ruling body of a society, providing leadership. maintaining order, providing public services, providing national security providing economic security, and providing economic assistance.

Organizes the production, distribution, and consumption of a society's goods and services.

Types of Families based on Composition

The primary or elementary family, composed of the father, the mother and their children.

This family is generally composed of grandparents, married sons, their wives and children, and unmarried sons and daughters living together in one household.

A family of one or two previously separated man and woman with children from their first spouse who is now living "blending" together family.

A family comprised of a parent caregiver and one or more dependent children without the presence and support of a spouse.

A family of two elderly with children leaving the nuclear/ancestral household to build their own families.

Types of Families based on Residence

Newly married having a new location. The couple sets up residence apart from the family of either bride or groom.

Requires the couple to reside in the groom's home. This specifies that a son stays with or near his family after marriage and his wife moves to where his family resides.

The married couple required to take up residence with the bride's parents. This specifies that a daughter stays with or near her family after marriage and her husband moves to where her family resides.

Newly married couple has the choice of living with or near the groom's or the bride's family. The couple may also live for a while with one set of parents and then move to live with the other.

The couple lives with or near the husband's mother's brother

The norm whereby wives take their husbands to the residence of the bride's father's sister.

Types of Families based on Tracing Descent

Descent allows the children to trace their lineage through both the father and the mother.

Descent requires the children to trace their family line to the mother and mother's kin.

Descent is traced through the father and kinship relations

Types of Families based on Authority

The husband and wife both exercise equal authority, duties, and responsibilities.

The father or a male elder has absolute authority

The mother or a fernale elder has absolute authority.

Types of Families based on Marriage

A couple with a single spouse or partner.

Having more than one spouse

means a wife having several husband

means a husband having several wives.

Marrying within one's ethnic, class, or social groups.

Marriage outside one's group.

Emile Durkheim's Four types of Suicide

This is caused by a lack of social integration, committed by people unable to find their own place in society and who are social outcasts.

Occurs when social group participation is excessive. People give up their life for the good of the group or to fulfill their obligations.

Stems from sudden and unanticipated events. This happens when there is a lot of tension and dissatisfaction and is brought on by a lack of social regulation.

Occurs when individuals are subject to strict regulation. These individuals are placed under extreme rules or high expectations are set upon them, which removes a person's sense of self or individuality.

Types of Knowledge

Accumulated facts about the natural world, including both the biological and physical aspects.

Useful in dealing with practical problems

Perceptions about the actions of gods. goddesses, demon, angels

Perceptions about methods of influencing supernatural events by manipulating certain laws of nature.

can be defined as all the ways of life including arts, beliefs and institutions of a population that are passed down from generation to generation. ______ has been called "the way of life for an entire society."

Duplication of culture

Culture is formally taught

Learning own culture for necessity

Learning other culture through long contacts

Learned through rewards and punishments

Intermarriage

New mode of acquiring culture through exposure

Fitting into the organized way of life